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PROM
Real-time marketing Unrealized promise
The term “real-time marketing” has the potential weakness of self-limiting the underlying decisioning server capability to cross/up-selling despite the observation that this particular function is generally the most compelling aspect of the application class. Vendors therefore found themselves re-branding real-time marketing products to suggest a more holistic appreciation of enterprise interaction decision management.
Real-time marketing Unrealized promise
In some respects, these early real-time marketing customer implementations were ahead of their time despite acknowledged revenue realization within the early adopters.
Real-time marketing Unrealized promise
Hosted real-time marketing solutions are an obvious and increasingly prevalent means of provisioning organisational demand for this critical enterprise capability
Real-time marketing Unrealized promise
Gartner’s predictions for the Gartner Top 10 Technologies for 2011 suggest that whatever the nomenclature, real-time marketing will continue to evolve, crucially to embrace mobile platforms underpinned by an awareness of customer context, location and social networking (collective intelligence) implications.
Command-line interface Command prompt
A command prompt (or just prompt) is a sequence of (one or more) characters used in a command-line interface to indicate readiness to accept commands. Its intent is to literally prompt the user to take action. A prompt usually ends with one of the characters $, %, #, :, > and often includes other information, such as the path of the current working directory.
Command-line interface Command prompt
On many Unix system and derivative systems, it is common for the prompt to end in a $ or % character if the user is a normal user, but in a # character if the user is a superuser (“root” in Unix terminology).
Command-line interface Command prompt
On some systems, special tokens in the definition of the prompt can be used to cause external programs to be called by the command-line interpreter while displaying the prompt.
Command-line interface Command prompt
The default of older DOS systems, C> is obtained by just “prompt”, although on some systems this produces the newer C:\> style, unless used on floppy drives A: or B:; on those systems “prompt $N$G” can be used to override the automatic default and explicitly switch to the older style.
Command-line interface Command prompt
On many Unix systems, the $PS1 variable can be used, although other variables also may have an impact on the prompt (depending on what shell is being used). In the bash shell, a prompt of the form
Command-line interface Command prompt
could be set by issuing the command
Command-line interface Command prompt
In zsh the $RPROMPT variable controls an optional “prompt” on the right hand side of the display. It is not a real prompt in that the location of text entry does not change. It is used to display information on the same line as the prompt, but right justified.
Command-line interface Command prompt
In RISC OS, the command prompt is a ‘*’ symbol, and thus (OS)CLI commands are often referred to as “star commands”. It is also possible to access the same commands from other command lines (such as the BBC BASIC command line), by preceding the command with a ‘*’.
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
Apixio uses Cassandra to store its Patient Object Model and extracted features about patients and patient populations
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
AppScale uses Cassandra as a back-end for Google App Engine applications
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
Cisco’s WebEx uses Cassandra to store user feed and activity in near real time.
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
The CERN ATLAS experiment uses Cassandra to archive its online DAQ system’s monitoring information
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
Cloudkick uses Cassandra to store the server metrics of their users.
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
Constant Contact uses Cassandra in their Social Media marketing application.
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
Digg, a large social news website, announced on Sep 9th, 2009 that it is rolling out its use of Cassandra and confirmed this on March 8, 2010. TechCrunch has since linked Cassandra to Digg v4 reliability criticisms and recent company struggles. Lead engineers at Digg later rebuked these criticisms as red herring and blamed a lack of load testing.
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
Facebook used Cassandra to power Inbox Search, with over 200 nodes deployed. This was abandoned in late 2010 when they built Facebook Messaging platform on HBase.
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
IBM has done research in building a scalable email system based on Cassandra.
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
InWorldz has researched and developed a scalable high-performance storage system for user inventory items Cassandra.
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
Netflix uses Cassandra as their back-end database for their streaming services
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
Formspring uses Cassandra to count responses, as well as store Social Graph data (followers, following, blockers, blocking) for 26 Million accounts with 10 million responses a day
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
Mahalo.com uses Cassandra to record user activity logs and topics for their Q&A website
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
Ooyala Built a scalable, flexible, real-time analytics engine using Cassandra
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
At Openwave, Cassandra acts as a distributed database and serves as a distributed storage mechanism for Openwave’s next generation messaging platform
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
OpenX is running over 130 nodes on Cassandra for their OpenX Enterprise product to store and replicate advertisements and targeting data for ad delivery
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
Plaxo has “reviewed 3 billion contacts in [their] database, compared them with publicly available data sources, and identified approximately 600 million unique people with contact info.”
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
PostRank uses Cassandra as their backend database
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
Rackspace is known to use Cassandra internally.
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
Reddit switched to Cassandra from memcacheDB on March 12, 2010 and experienced some problems in May due to insufficient nodes in their cluster.
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
RockYou uses Cassandra to record every single click for 50 million Monthly Active Users in real-time for their online games
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
SoundCloud uses Cassandra to store the dashboard of their users
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
Talentica Software uses Cassandra as a back-end for Analytics Application with Cassandra cluster of 30 nodes and inserting around 200GB data on daily basis.
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
Twitter announced it is planning to use Cassandra because it can be run on large server clusters and is capable of taking in very large amounts of data at a time. Twitter continues to use it but not for Tweets themselves.
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
Urban Airship uses Cassandra with the mobile service hosting for over 160 million application installs across 80 million unique devices
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
@WalmartLabs (previously Kosmix) uses Cassandra with SSD
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
Yakaz uses Cassandra on a five-node cluster to store millions of images as well as its social data.
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
ZangBeZang uses Cassandra as the datastore for its carrier grade recommendation and marketing platform.
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
Zoho uses Cassandra for generating the inbox preview in their Zoho#Zoho_Mail service
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
Ironically, Facebook moved off its pre-Apache Cassandra deployment in late 2010 when they replaced Inbox Search with the Facebook Messaging platform. In 2012, Facebook began using Apache Cassandra in its Instagram unit.
Apache Cassandra Prominent users
Cassandra is the most popular wide column store.
Advertising Sales promotions
Sales promotions are another way to advertise. Sales promotions are double purposed because they are used to gather information about what type of customers you draw in and where they are, and to jumpstart sales. Sales promotions include things like contests and games, sweepstakes, product giveaways, samples coupons, loyalty programs, and discounts. The ultimate goal of sales promotions is to stimulate potential customers to action.
Net Promoter
Net Promoter is a management tool that can be used to gauge the loyalty of a firm’s customer relationships. It serves as an alternative to traditional customer satisfaction research.
Net Promoter Overview
“Net Promoter Score” is a customer loyalty metric developed by (and a registered trademark of) Fred Reichheld, Bain & Company, and Satmetrix. It was introduced by Reichheld in his 2003 Harvard Business Review article “One Number You Need to Grow”. NPS can be as low as ?100 (everybody is a detractor) or as high as +100 (everybody is a promoter). An NPS that is positive (i.e., higher than zero) is felt to be good, and an NPS of +50 is excellent.
Net Promoter Overview
Net Promoter Score (NPS) measures the loyalty that exists between a Provider and a consumer. The provider can be a Company, employer or any other entity. The provider is the entity that is asking the questions on the NPS survey. The Consumer is the customer, employee, or respondent to an NPS survey.
Net Promoter Overview
NPS is based on a direct question: How likely are you to recommend our company/product/service to your friends and colleagues? The scoring for this answer is most often based on a 0 to 10 scale
Net Promoter Overview
In the most advanced systems promoters are given the opportunity to promote immediately using Social Media connectors.
Net Promoter Overview
The primary purpose of the NPS methodology is to evaluate customer loyalty to a brand or company, not to evaluate their satisfaction with a particular product or transaction
Net Promoter Overview
When a provider factors in the customer acquisition cost to the overall profitability of a consumer account, the longer a consumer stays active and resists defection the more profitable the relationship can be for both parties. Measuring the value of the relationship after costs gives the provider a clear view of how to attract and retain the most profitable consumers and how to most effectively invest in and develop those relationships.
Net Promoter Overview
Net Promoter methodology also includes a process to close the loop. Closing the loop is a process by which the provider actively intervenes to change a negative perception and convert a detractor into a promoter. The Net Promoter survey will identify a detractor and should automatically alert the provider to contact the consumer and manage the followup and actions from that point.
Net Promoter Overview
Discussed at length in The Ultimate Question: Driving Good Profits and True Growth by Fred Reichheld, and “Answering the Ultimate Question” by Satmetrix Executives Richard Owen and Laura Brooks, the Net Promoter approach has been adopted by several companies, including E.ON, Philips, GE, Apple Retail, American Express, and Intuit
Net Promoter Overview
A customer is able to leave comments in the surveys sent to them. This is what allows a company to use the VOC (Voice of Customer) to ensure that company is meeting the expectations.
Net Promoter Overview
The same methodology can be used to measure and evaluate employee satisfaction with their employer. Tracking and managing the internal score is a way that companies can keep a focus on their culture. This measures more than just an employee’s satisfaction with common KPI points in the company. It expands to include the importance of various factors rather than just focusing on list of workplace issues to improve.
Net Promoter Criticism of NPS
Research by Keiningham, Cooil, Andreassen and Aksoy disputes that the Net Promoter metric is the best predictor of company growth
Net Promoter Criticism of NPS
Environmental factors may exert an influence on customers’ response to the “recommend” question—making comparisons across business units or industries difficult in certain cases
Net Promoter Criticism of NPS
Daniel Schneider, Jon Krosnick, et al. found that out of four scales tested, the 11-point scale advocated by Reichheld had the lowest predictive validity of the scales tested.
Net Promoter Criticism of NPS
Others have taken issue with the calculation methodology, claiming that by collapsing an 11-point scale to three components (e.g., Promoters, Passives, Detractors), significant information is lost and statistical variability of the result increases. The validity of NPS scale cut-off points across industries and cultures has also been questioned.
Net Promoter Criticism of NPS
Proponents of the Net Promoter approach point out that the statistical analyses presented prove only that the “recommend” question is similar in predictive power to other metrics, but fail to address the practical benefits of the approach, which are at the heart of the argument Reichheld put forth
General Electric Promotion and training
Thousands of people from every level of the company are trained at the Jack F. Welch Leadership Center.
Business marketing – Promotion
Promotion techniques rely heavily on marketing communications strategies (see below).
Napster – Promotional power
According to Richard Menta of MP3 Newswire, the effect of Napster in this instance was isolated from other elements that could be credited for driving sales, and the album’s unexpected success suggested that Napster was a good promotional tool for music.
Napster – Promotional power
The band members were avid supporters of Napster, promoting it at their shows, playing a Napster show around the time of the Congressional hearings, and attending the hearings themselves
Napster – Promotional power
Although some underground musicians and independent labels have expressed support for Napster and the p2p model it popularized, others have criticized the unregulated and extra-legal nature of these networks, and some seek to implement models of Internet promotion in which they can control the distribution of their own music, such as providing free tracks for download or streaming from their official websites, or co-operating with pay services such as Insound, Rhapsody and Apple’s iTunes Store.
Brand ambassador – Promotional model
Booth babes as promotional models at trade show exhibits and conventions have attained much criticism
Hashtag – Promotion
The hashtag phenomenon has also been harvested for advertisement, promotion and contingency coordination. Most larger organizations will only focus on one or a small number of hashtags. However some individuals and organizations use a large number of hashtags to emphasise the broad range of concepts in which they are interested. The decision on whether to specialise in particular hashtags or promote a range depends on the marketing strategy of those involved.
Hashtag – Event promotion
Organized real-world events have also made use of hashtags and ad hoc lists for discussion and promotion among participants. Hashtags are used as beacons by event participants in order to find each other on both Twitter and, in many cases, in real life during events.
Hashtag – Event promotion
Companies and advocacy organizations have taken advantage of hashtag-based discussions for promotion of their products, services or campaigns.
Hashtag – Event promotion
Political protests and campaigns in the early 2010s, such as #OccupyWallStreet and #LibyaFeb17, have been organized around hashtags or have made extensive usage of hashtags for the promotion of discussion.
Social Media and television – Promotion
Using the hashtag #TrumpRoast at the bottom of the screen, Twitter called it “the single deepest integration of a Twitter hashtag on air-ever.” The promotion worked, as it generated the channel’s most-watched Tuesday in history; the hashtag #trumproast was used over 27,000 times on Twitter during the show’s initial broadcast.
MariaDB – Prominent users
Red Hat Enterprise Linux (from RHEL 7)
MariaDB – Prominent users
Wikimedia Foundation
Microsoft Open Specification Promise
The Microsoft Open Specification Promise (or OSP), is a promise by Microsoft, published in September 2006, to not assert legal rights over certain Microsoft patents on implementations of an included list of technologies.
Microsoft Open Specification Promise
The OSP is a Covenant Not to Sue and an example of Fair, Reasonable and Non Discriminatory terms for the patents in question.
Microsoft Open Specification Promise
The OSP licensing covers any use and any implementations of an appended list of covered specifications. It is limited for implementations to the extent that they conform to those specifications. This allows for conformance to be partial and does not require the conformance to be perfect.
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Compatibility with open source licensing
The OSP is effectively a patent sublicense to everyone limited to use with certain formats and required technology to implement OSP licensed formats.
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Compatibility with open source licensing
Open source licenses, in general, deal with licensing of copyrights of contributors to the software. GPLv2 is an example of such copyright licensing. GPLv2 does not grant you 3rd party (patent) rights.
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Compatibility with open source licensing
The open source software (OSS) licensing deals with copyrights on the source code created by the contributors. Source code based on an OSP licenced format specification has its own copyrights and is therefore sublicensable by the contributors themselves. The OSP is only about patent rights. It grants additional rights to implementers and users to the OSS licensing.
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Compatibility with open source licensing
Because Microsoft through the OSP grants patent rights to anybody that implements or uses technology required for OOXML there is no need for sublicensing of patent rights through the GPL. OSS users and implementers get the same rights automatically.
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Compatibility with open source licensing
An OSS implementer that uses GPL software which implements an OSP licensed format, is granted certain copyrights on the software through his GPL license, which are granted by the prior software contributors. In addition to that he is allowed to use Microsoft patents for required format related technology through the OSP license.
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Compatibility with open source licensing
Several standards and OSS licensing experts have expressed support of the OSP in 2006. An article in Cover Pages quotes Lawrence Rosen, an attorney and lecturer at Stanford Law School, as saying,
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Compatibility with open source licensing
“I’m pleased that this OSP is compatible with free and open source licenses.”
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Compatibility with open source licensing
In 2006 Mark Webbink; a lawyer and member of the board of the Software Freedom Law Center, and former employee of Linux vendor Red Hat; said,
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Compatibility with open source licensing
“Red Hat believes that the text of the OSP gives sufficient flexibility to implement the listed specifications in software licensed under free and open source licenses. We commend Microsoft’s efforts to reach out to representatives from the open source community and solicit their feedback on this text, and Microsoft’s willingness to make modifications in response to our comments.”
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Compatibility with open source licensing
Standards lawyer Andy Updegrove said in 2006 the Open Specification Promise was
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Compatibility with open source licensing
“what I consider to be a highly desirable tool for facilitating the implementation of open standards, in particular where those standards are of interest to the open source community.”
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Scope limitation
The Software Freedom Law Center, which provides services to protect and advance free software and open source software, has warned of problems with the Open Specification Promise for use in free software / open source software projects. In a published analysis of the promise it states that
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Scope limitation
“…it permits implementation under free software licenses so long as the resulting code isn’t used freely.”
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Scope limitation
The limitations of a one-sided patent promise only applying to covered specifications is also present in the IBM Interoperability Specifications Pledge (ISP) and Sun Microsystems’ OpenDocument Patent Statement.
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Scope limitation
This means, for example, that use of the required Sun patented StarOffice-related technology for OpenDocument should be protected by the Sun Covenant, but reuse of the code with the patented technology for non-OpenDocument implementations is no longer protected by the related Sun covenant.
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Scope limitation
The OSP similarly can be used to freely implement any of the covered specifications in OSS but its scope is limited to the covered specifications and cannot be used to transfer Microsoft patent rights to other implementations of non covered specifications for instance by using the technology in code that has a patent transferring software license.
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Scope limitation
“The OSP cannot be relied upon by GPL developers for their implementations not because its provisions conflict with GPL, but because it does not provide the freedom that the GPL requires.”
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Scope limitation
The SFLC specifically point out:
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Scope limitation
new versions of listed specifications could be issued at any time by Microsoft, and be excluded from the OSP.
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Scope limitation
any code resulting from an implementation of one of the covered specifications could not safely be used outside the very limited field of use defined by Microsoft in the OSP.
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Scope limitation
“we can’t give anyone a legal opinion about how our language relates to the GPL or other OSS licenses”
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Scope limitation
In another, it specifically only mentions the “developers, distributors, and users of Covered Implementations”, so excluding downstream developers, distributors, and users of code later derived from these “Covered Implementations” and it specifically does not mention which version of the GPL is addressed, leading some commentators to conclude that the current GPL 3 may be excluded.
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Scope limitation
Q: I am a developer/distributor/user of software that is licensed under the GPL, does the Open Specification Promise apply to me?
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Scope limitation
A: Absolutely, yes
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Web
Web Slice Format Specification introduced with Internet Explorer 8
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Web
XML Search Suggestions Format Specification
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Virtualization Specifications
Virtual Hard Disk (VHD) Image Format Specification
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Virtualization Specifications
Microsoft Application Virtualization File Format Specification v1
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Virtualization Specifications
Hyper-V Functional Specification
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Security
RFC 4408 – Sender Policy Framework: Authorizing Use of Domains in “Mail From”
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Security
RFC 4407 – Purported Responsible Address in E-Mail Messages
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Security
RFC 4405 – SMTP Service Extension for Indicating the Responsible Submitter of an E-Mail Message
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Security
U-Prove Cryptographic Specification V1.0
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Security
U-Prove Technology Integration into the Identity Metasystem V1.0
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – XML file formats
OpenDocument Format for Office Applications v1.0 OASIS
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Structure specifications
[MS-DOC]: Word Binary File Format (.doc) Structure Specification
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Structure specifications
[MS-PPT]: PowerPoint Binary File Format (.ppt) Structure Specification
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Structure specifications
[MS-XLS]: Excel Binary File Format (.xls) Structure Specification
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Structure specifications
[MS-XLSB]: Excel Binary File Format (.xlsb) Structure Specification
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Structure specifications
[MS-ODRAW]: Office Drawing Binary File Format Structure Specification
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Structure specifications
[MS-CTDOC]: Word Custom Toolbar Binary File Format Structure Specification
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Structure specifications
[MS-CTXLS]: Excel Custom Toolbar Binary File Format Structure Specification
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Structure specifications
[MS-OFORMS]: Office Forms Binary File Format Structure Specification
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Structure specifications
[MS-OGRAPH]: Office Graph Binary File Format Structure Specification
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Structure specifications
[MS-OSHARED]: Office Common Data Types and Objects Structure Specification
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Structure specifications
[MS-OVBA]: Office VBA File Format Structure Specification
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Structure specifications
[MS-OFFCRYPTO]: Office Document Cryptography Structure Specification
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Windows compound formats
[MS-CFB] Windows Compound Binary File Format Specification
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Microsoft computer languages
[MS-WPFXV]: WPF XAML Vocabulary Specification 2006 (Draft v0.1)
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Microsoft computer languages
[MS-SLXV]: Silverlight XAML Vocabulary Specification 2008 (Draft v0.9)
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Windows Rally Technologies
Windows Connect Now– UFD and Windows Vista
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Published protocols
Microsoft claims the Open Specification Promise applies to a long list of communication and internet protocols including the following. Most of these are in fact open standards which Microsoft may have implemented in one or more pieces of software rather than intellectual property belonging to Microsoft:
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Published protocols
[MC-BUP]: Background Intelligent Transfer Service (BITS) Upload Protocol Specification
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Published protocols
[MC-CCFG]: Server Cluster: Configuration (ClusCfg) Protocol Specification
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Published protocols
[MC-COMQC]: Component Object Model Plus (COM+) Queued Components Protocol Specification
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Published protocols
[MC-SMP]: Session Multiplex Protocol Specification
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Published protocols
[MC-SQLR]: SQL Server Resolution Protocol Specification
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Published protocols
1394 Serial Bus Protocol 2
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Published protocols
IBM NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI) v 3.0
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Published protocols
Infrared Data Association (IrDA) Published Standards
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Published protocols
RFC 1112, RFC 2236, and RFC 3376 – Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) v1, v2, and v3
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Published protocols
RFC 1256 – ICMP Router Discovery Messages
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Published protocols
RFC 1334 – Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Published protocols
RFC 1483, RFC 1755, and RFC 2225 – Internet Protocol over Asynchronous Transfer Mode (IP over ATM)
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Published protocols
RFC 1510 and RFC 1964 – Kerberos Network Authentication Service (v5)
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Published protocols
RFC 1994 – MD5 Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (MD5-CHAP)
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Published protocols
RFC 2205, RFC 2209, and RFC 2210 – Resource Reservation Setup (RSVP)
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Published protocols
RFC 2222 – Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL)
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Published protocols
Sun Microsystems Remote Procedure Call (SunRPC)
Microsoft Open Specification Promise – Published protocols
Universal Serial Bus (USB) Revision 2.0
Digital rights management – Digital content as promotion for traditional products
Many artists are using the Internet to give away music to create awareness and liking to a new upcoming album
Free software movement – Should principles be compromised?
Some, such as Eric Raymond, criticise the speed at which the free-software movement is progressing, suggesting that temporary compromises should be made for long-term gains. Raymond argues that this could raise awareness of the software and thus increase the free-software movement’s influence on relevant standards and legislation.
Free software movement – Should principles be compromised?
Others, such as Richard Stallman, see the current level of compromise to be the bigger worry.
Product placement – Product prominence
People were more likely to think that repeated prominent product placements was distracting and that they made the movie feel less real
Product placement – Self promotion
20th Century Fox, a subsidiary of News Corporation, has promoted its parent company’s own Sky News channel through including it as a plot device when characters are viewing news broadcasts of breaking events. The newscaster or reporter in the scene will usually state that the audience is viewing Sky News, and reports from other channels are not shown. One notable example is the film Independence Day (1996).
Product placement – Self promotion
Columbia Pictures uses or mentions products of parent company Sony products like VAIO computers or BRAVIA televisions in their movies; when it was owned by The Coca-Cola Company, Coca-Cola products were often featured.
Punched tape – Data transfer for ROM and EPROM programming
Encoding formats commonly used were primarily driven by those formats that EPROM programming devices supported and included various ASCII hex variants as well as a number of computer-proprietary formats.
Punched tape – Data transfer for ROM and EPROM programming
A much more primitive as well as a much longer high-level encoding scheme was also used – BNPF (Begin-Negative-Positive-Finish)
Promotional merchandise – History
The first known promotional products in the United States are commemorative buttons dating back to the election of George Washington in 1789. During the early 19th century, there were some advertising calendars, rulers, and wooden specialties, but there wasn’t an organized industry for the creation and distribution of promotional items until later in the 19th century.
Promotional merchandise – History
Jasper Meeks, a printer in Coshocton, Ohio, is considered by many to be the originator of the industry when he convinced a local shoe store to supply book bags imprinted with the store name to local schools. Henry Beach, another Coshocton printer and a competitor of Meeks, picked up on the idea, and soon the two men were selling and printing bags for marbles, buggy whips, card cases, fans, calendars, cloth caps, aprons, and even hats for horses.
Promotional merchandise – History
In 1904, 12 manufacturers of promotional items got together to found the first trade association for the industry. That organization is now known as the Promotional Products Association International or PPAI, which currently has more than 7,500 global members. PPAI represents the promotional products industry of more than 22,000 distributors and approximately 4,800 manufacturers.
Promotional merchandise – History
In the early years the range of products available were limited; however, in the early 1980s demand grew from distributors for a generic promotional product catalogue they could brand as their own and then leave with their corporate customers.
Promotional merchandise – History
In later years these catalogues could be over-branded to reflect a distributor’s corporate image and distributors could then give them to their end user customers as their own. In the early years promotional merchandise catalogues were very much sales tools and customers would buy the products offered on the pages.
Promotional merchandise – History
In the nineties there was also the creation of ‘Catalogue Groups’ who offered a unique catalogue to a limited geographical group of promotional merchandise distributor companies
Promotional merchandise – History
In the early 21st century the role of a promotional merchandise catalogue started to change, as it could no longer fully represent the vast range of products in the market place
Promotional merchandise – History
This service is purely for vetted trade promotional merchandise distributor companies & is not available to corporate end user companies.
Promotional merchandise – History
By 2008 almost every distributor had a website demonstrating a range of available promotional products. Very few offer the ability to order products online mainly due to the complexities surrounding the processes to brand the promotional products required.
Promotional merchandise – Sourcing
Promotional merchandise is, in the main, purchased by corporate companies in USA, Canada, the UK & Ireland through promotional merchandise distributor companies. In the United States and Canada, these distributors are called “Promotional Consultants” or “promotional product distributors.”
Promotional merchandise – Sourcing
Distributors have the ability to source & supply tens of thousands of products from across the globe. Even with the advent and growth of the Internet this supply chain has not changed, for a few reasons:
Promotional merchandise – Sourcing
Promotional products by definition are custom printed with a logo, company name or message usually in specific PMS colors
Promotional merchandise – Sourcing
Many distributors operate on the internet and/or in person. Many suppliers wish not to invest in the staffing to service end-users’ needs, which is the purpose of merchandise distributor companies.
Promotional merchandise – Products and uses
Promotional merchandise is used globally to promote brands, products, and corporate identity. They are also used as giveaways at events, such as exhibitions and product launches. Promotional products can be used for non-profit organizations to promote their cause, as well as promote certain events that they hold, such as walks or any other event that raises money for a cause.
Promotional merchandise – Products and uses
Almost anything can be branded with a company’s name or logo and used for promotion. Common items include t-shirts, caps, keychains, posters, bumper stickers, pens, mugs, or mouse pads. The largest product category for promotional products is wearable items, which make up more than 30% of the total. Eco-friendly promotional products such as those created from recycled materials and bamboo, a renewable resource, are also experiencing a significant surge in popularity.
Promotional merchandise – Products and uses
Companies that provide expensive gifts for celebrity attendees often ask that the celebrities allow a testimonial|photo to be taken of them with the gift item, which can be used by the company for promotional purposes
Promotional merchandise – Products and uses
Other objectives that marketers use promotional items to facilitate include employee relations and events, tradeshow traffic-building, public relations, new customer generation, dealer and distributor programs, new product introductions, employee service awards, not-for-profit programs, internal incentive programs, safety education, customer referrals, and marketing research.[http://www.ppa.org/NR/rdonlyres/8C233CED-39BD-4F9D-A708-E97C60A9732C/0/2008SalesVolume.pdf 2008 Distributor Sales Report]
Promotional merchandise – Products and uses
Promotional items are also used in politics to promote candidates and causes. Promotional items as a tool for non-commercial organizations, such as schools and charitable organization|charities are often used as a part of fund raising and awareness-raising campaigns. A prominent example was the livestrong wristband, used to promote cancer awareness and raise funds to support cancer survivorship programs and research.
Promotional merchandise – Products and uses
Collecting certain types of promotional items is also a popular hobby. In particular, branded antique point of sale items that convey a sense of nostalgia are popular with collectors and are a substantial component to the antique industry.[http://sourcingok.com/archives/599 The Importance of Branded Point of Sale Items]
Promotional merchandise – Products and uses
The giving of corporate gifts vary across international borders and cultures, with the type of product given often varying from country to country.
Promotional merchandise – Products and uses
In addition to this the promotional merchandise distributors also provide full support in processing orders, artwork, proofing, progress chasing delivery of promotional products from multiple manufacturing sources.
Promotional merchandise – Trade associations
In the UK, the industry has two main trade bodies, Promota (Promotional Merchandise Trade Association) founded in 1958, and the BPMA (British Promotional Merchandise Association) established in 1965. These trade associations represent the industry and provide services to both manufacturers distributors of promotional merchandise.
Promotional merchandise – Trade associations
In the United States, PPAI (the Promotional Products Association International) is the not for profit association, offering the industry’s largest tradeshow (The PPAI Expo), as well as training, online member resources, and legal advocacy. Another organization, The Advertising Specialty Institute, promotes itself as the largest media and marketing organization serving the advertising specialty industry.
Promotional merchandise – Top companies in the United States
According to the Advertising Specialty Institute’s Counselor Magazine Awards, 2010’s top 40 promotional product distributors are as follows:
Promotional merchandise – UK market statistics
In July 2009 published research demonstrated that the top 10 promotional merchandise products were Promotional item|promotional pens, bags, clothing, plastic items, USB memory sticks, mugs, leather items, polyurethane conference folders, and umbrellas
Promotional merchandise – Top 10 Promotional Products Stores
TopTenREVIEWS, a review aggregator has published a list of 2013 Best Promotional Product Stores. Each store is evaluated on basis of how they rank individually and collectively for following features – Graphic Design Services, Item Selection, Website Features, Shipping Services, Help & Customer Support.
Promotional merchandise – Top 10 Promotional Products Stores
2013 Rank Promotional Products Store Rating
History of software engineering – 1990 to 1999: Prominence of the Internet
The rise of the Internet led to very rapid growth in the demand for international information display/e-mail systems on the World Wide Web. Programmers were required to handle illustrations, maps, photographs, and other images, plus simple animation, at a rate never before seen, with few well-known methods to optimize image display/storage (such as the use of thumbnail images).
History of software engineering – 1990 to 1999: Prominence of the Internet
The growth of browser usage, running on the HTML language, changed the way in which information-display and retrieval was organized
History of software engineering – Prominent Figures in the History of Software Engineering
Charles Bachman (born 1924) is particularly known for his work in the area of databases.
History of software engineering – Prominent Figures in the History of Software Engineering
David Parnas (born 1941) developed the concept of information hiding in modular programming.
History of software engineering – Prominent Figures in the History of Software Engineering
Michael A. Jackson (born 1936) software engineering methodologist responsible for JSP method of program design; JSD method of system development (with John Cameron); and Problem Frames method for analysing and structuring software development problems.
GLONASS – Promoting commercial use
To improve the situation, the Russian government has been actively promoting GLONASS for civilian use.
GLONASS – Promoting commercial use
To improve development of the user segment, on August 11, 2010, Sergei Ivanov announced a plan to introduce a 25% import duty on all GPS-capable devices, including mobile phones, unless they are compatible with GLONASS. As well, the government is planning to force all car manufacturers in Russia to make cars with GLONASS starting from 2011. This will affect all car makers, including foreign brands like Ford and Toyota, which have car assembly facilities in Russia.
GLONASS – Promoting commercial use
GPS and phone baseband chips from major vendors ST-Ericsson, Broadcom and Qualcomm all support GLONASS in combination with GPS.
GLONASS – Promoting commercial use
In April 2011, Sweden’s Swepos, a national network of satellite reference stations which provides data for real-time positioning with meter accuracy, became the first known foreign company to use GLONASS.
GLONASS – Promoting commercial use
Smartphones and Tablets also saw implementation of GLONASS support in 2011 with devices released that year from Xiaomi Tech Company (Xiaomi Phone 2), Sony Ericsson, Samsung (the Google Nexus 10 in late 2012), Asus, Apple (iPhone 4S and iPad Mini in late 2012) and HTC adding support for the system allowing increased accuracy and lock on speed in difficult conditions.
Daily Kos – Prominent contributors
Numerous political figures use Daily Kos to publish frequent or occasional content, including consultants, candidates, and sitting members of Congress. Prominent posters include:
Global marketing – Promotion
After product research, development and creation, promotion (specifically advertising) is generally the largest line item in a global company’s marketing budget
Global marketing – Promotion
Effective global advertising techniques do exist
Music video – 1960–1973: Promotional clips and others
In the late 1950s the Scopitone, a visual jukebox, was invented in France and short films were produced by many French artists, such as Serge Gainsbourg, Françoise Hardy, Jacques Brel, and Jacques Dutronc to accompany their songs
Music video – 1960–1973: Promotional clips and others
The colour promotional clips for “Strawberry Fields Forever” and “Penny Lane”, made in early 1967 and directed by Peter Goldman took the promotional film format to a new level
Music video – 1960–1973: Promotional clips and others
The promo film to Call Me Lightning (1968) tells a story of how drummer Keith Moon came to join the group: The other three band members are having tea inside what looks like an abandoned hangar when suddenly a “bleeding box” arrives, out of which jumps a fast-running, timelapse, Moon that the other members subsequently try to get a hold of in a sped-up slapstick chasing sequence to wind him down.
Music video – 1960–1973: Promotional clips and others
The group also filmed a colour promo clip for the song “2000 Light Years From Home” (from their album Their Satanic Majesties Request) directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg
Music video – 1960–1973: Promotional clips and others
Rock directed and edited four clips to promote four consecutive David Bowie singles—”John, I’m Only Dancing” (May 1972), “The Jean Genie” (Nov
Music video – 1960–1973: Promotional clips and others
Promotional videos of country music songs, however, continued to be produced.
Applied behavior analysis – Prompting
The goal of teaching using prompts would be to fade prompts towards independence, so that no prompts are needed for the individual to perform the desired behavior.
Applied behavior analysis – Prompting
Vocal prompts: Utilizing a vocalization to indicate the desired response.
Applied behavior analysis – Prompting
Visual prompts: A visual cue or picture.
Applied behavior analysis – Prompting
Gestural prompts: Utilizing a physical gesture to indicate the desired response.
Applied behavior analysis – Prompting
Positional prompt: The target item is placed closer to the individual.
Applied behavior analysis – Prompting
Modeling: Modeling the desired response for the student. This type of prompt is best suited for individuals who learn through imitation and can attend to a model.
Applied behavior analysis – Prompting
Physical prompts: Physically manipulating the individual to produce the desired response. There are many degrees of physical prompts. The most intrusive being hand-over-hand, and the least intrusive being a slight tap to initiate movement.
Applied behavior analysis – Prompting
This is not an exhaustive list of all possible prompts. When using prompts to systematically teach a skill, not all prompts need to be used in the hierarchy; prompts are chosen based on which ones are most effective for a particular individual.
Leapfrogging – Promotion by international initiatives
Japan’s Low-Carbon Society 2050 Initiative has the objective to cooperate with and offer support to Asian developing countries to leapfrog towards a low-carbon energy future.
Promotion (marketing)
Fundamentally, however there are three basic objectives of promotion
Promotion (marketing)
To present information to consumers as well as others.
Promotion (marketing)
To differentiate a product.
Promotion (marketing)
There are different ways to promote a product in different areas of media. Promoters use internet advertisement, special events, endorsements, and newspapers to advertise their product. Many times with the purchase of a product there is an incentive like discounts, free items, or a contest. This is to increase the sales of a given product.
Promotion (marketing)
The term “promotion” is usually an “in” expression used internally by the marketing company, but not normally to the public or the market – phrases like “special offer” are more common. An example of a fully integrated, long-term, large-scale promotion are My Coke Rewards and Pepsi Stuff. The UK version of My Coke Rewards is Coke Zone.
Promotion (marketing) – Notes
Rajagopal. (2007) Marketing Dynamics: Theory and Practice. New Delhi, India: New Age International. Retrieved April 5, 2010, from NJIT EBook Library: www.njit.eblib.com.libdb.njit.edu:8888/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=437711
Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom) – Sales promotions
The Institute of Sales Promotion (ISP), working to the same Code as the ASA does, can refer complaints to the ASA when it believes that there has been a breach of the rules on sales promotions rules. There has been no clear definition of what a sales promotion is for the purpose of the Code, but examples include:
Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom) – Sales promotions
Discounted purchase offers
Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom) – Sales promotions
Loyalty reward schemes, such as Air Miles
Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom) – Sales promotions
Not all offers that give the consumer something free with a particular purchase may be considered sales promotion. For example, a mobile phone deal that offers a free Bluetooth headset may be considered as part of a package deal rather than a sales promotion.
Community psychology – Prevention and health promotion
Community psychology emphasizes principles and strategies of preventing social, emotional and behavioral problems and wellness and health promotion at the individual and community levels, borrowed from Public health and Preventive medicine, rather than a passive, “waiting-mode,” treatment-based medical model
Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer – Promotion
The teaser trailer was initially exclusively attached to Night at the Museum
Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer – Promotion
Mint became aware of the promotion, it notified the studio and the Franklin Mint that it was breaking the law by turning government-issued currency into private advertising
Mad Men – Online promotion
Promotion for Seasons 3 and 4 included “Mad Men Yourself”, an interactive game in which the user can choose clothing and accessories for an avatar similar to the appearance of Mad Men characters, drawn in the sixties-inspired style of illustrator Dyna Moe
Election promise
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject.
Election promise
An election promise is a promise made to the public by a politician who is trying to win an election. They have long been a central element of elections and remain so today. Election promises are also notable for often being broken once a politician is in office.
Election promise
Elections promises are part of an election platform, but platforms also contain vague ideals and generalities as well as specific promises. They are an essential element in getting people to vote for a candidate. For example, a promise such as to cut taxes or to introduce new social programs may appeal to voters.
Election promise – Broken promises
Popular cynicism and 24 hour media has increased the publics perception of ‘lies’ and broken promises since 1945, despite the actual amount of promises broken remaining roughly level at less than 20% over that time.
Election promise – Broken promises
In the 2003 provincial election in Ontario, Canada, the Liberal Party also made all three promises and raised taxes once it found itself in government with an unbalanced budget.
Election promise – Broken promises
Promises are usually based on the rosiest of possible futures, a strong economy and cooperative leaders of legislatures and sub-national entities. Actual government planning done by bureaucrats generally plans for the worst possible future, but any politician that would plan in this manner would have a platform that is far less attractive than that of their opponents.
Election promise – Broken promises
Adding caveats to promises based on economic performance would hurt the politician, and is also difficult to do in ten second news sound bites or thirty second commercials.
Election promise – Broken promises
There is some latitude for breaking promises. George W. Bush’s pledge to not involve the U.S. military in nation building was discarded after the September 11th attacks, a change in policy widely viewed as justifiable among his supporters. Franklin Roosevelt’s 1940 pledge to keep the United States out of World War II was similarly abandoned after the Pearl Harbor attack, prompting a voter backlash in the 1942 midterm elections.
Election promise – Broken promises
For instance in the United States a presidential candidate can freely make promises of an impractically large tax cut in the firm confidence that the Senate will reduce it to a manageable level.
Election promise – Broken promises
The constant stream of broken promises has annoyed many voters and politicians have responded with techniques to make their promises more believable. This includes making far more specific promises with numbers attached. The 1993 Canadian Liberal Red Book was an example of this. Also popular is setting a more specific time for when promises will be implemented, with politicians listing what they will do in their first week or first hundred days in office.
Election promise – Broken promises
When promises are to be broken, all politicians know it is best to do so at the start of a term. Thus, the first budget is the one most likely to see unexpected tax hikes or slashed spending. The hope is that by the time the next election occurs in a few years’ time, the anger of the electorate will have faded.
Election promise – Broken promises
Similarly politicians often save popular, but relatively unimportant promises, for the end of their term to be implemented just before they are up for reelection while the electors still remember them.
Election promise – Case study: Richard Nixon’s Election promises
He never used the phrase “secret plan”, which originated with a reporter looking for a lead to a story summarizing the Republican candidate’s (hazy) promise to end the war without losing
Election promise – Case study: Richard Nixon’s Election promises
According to one historian, “it became obvious in 1969 that Nixon’s ‘secret plan’ to end the war was a campaign gimmick…”
Election promise – Case study: Richard Nixon’s Election promises
Another historian wrote: “Nixon never had a plan to end the war, but he did have a general strategy–to increase pressure on the communists [and] issue them a November 1, 1969 deadline to be conciliatory or else…The North Vietnamese did not respond to Nixon’s ultimatum…and his aides began planning Operation Duck Hook.”
Election promise – Case study: Richard Nixon’s Election promises
Nixon told Michigan Republican congressman Donald Riegle that the war would be over within six months of his assumption of office.
Election promise – Case study: Richard Nixon’s Election promises
As this six month deadline approached, in May 1969, Henry Kissinger asked a group of Quakers to give the administration six more months. “Give us six months, and if we haven’t ended the war by then, you can come back and tear down the White House fence.”
Election promise – Case study: Richard Nixon’s Election promises
The election promises of the Nixon administration had positive results for the White House
Election promise – Case study: Richard Nixon’s Election promises
The executive producer of the ABC evening news, Av Westin, wrote a memo in March 1969 that stated:
Election promise – Case study: Richard Nixon’s Election promises
“I have asked our Vietnam staff to alter the focus of their coverage from combat pieces to interpretive ones, pegged to the eventual pull-out of the American forces. This point should be stressed for all hands.”
Election promise – Case study: Richard Nixon’s Election promises
And Westin telexed the ABC network’s Saigon bureau:
Election promise – Case study: Richard Nixon’s Election promises
“I think the time has come to shift some of our focus from the battlefield, or more specifically American military involvement with the enemy, to themes and stories under the general heading ‘We Are on Our Way Out of Vietnam.'”
Election promise – Case study: Richard Nixon’s Election promises
American combat deaths for the first half of 1969 increased rather than decreased during the time in which the plan was allegedly being implemented.
Election promise – Case study: Richard Nixon’s Election promises
In 1972, Nixon also promised that “peace is at hand”. On January 27, 1973, at the beginning of Nixon’s second term, representatives of the US, North Vietnam, South Vietnam and the Viet Cong signed the Paris Peace Accords, which formally ended US involvement in the war.
Election promise – Case study: Richard Nixon’s Election promises
The Nixon Administration six month’s promise is similar to the Philippine-American War 1900 promise of Republicans who pledged that the fighting in the Philippines would end within sixty days of McKinley’s re-election. It, however, took a lot longer.
Election promise – Lists of broken promises (not exhaustive)
The British Liberal Party’s pledge to cut military spending, before embarking on the Dreadnought arms race with Germany
Election promise – Lists of broken promises (not exhaustive)
The British Labour Party’s 1945 pledge to set up a new ministry of housing
Election promise – Lists of broken promises (not exhaustive)
Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke, in 1987, said that “by 1990 no Australian child will be living in poverty”
Election promise – Lists of broken promises (not exhaustive)
George H. W. Bush promised not to raise taxes while president during his 1988 campaign. This was best remembered in a speech at the Republican National Convention when he said “Congress will push and push…and I’ll say Read my lips: no new taxes”. After a recession began during his term and the deficit widened, Bush agreed to proposals to increase taxes. Although not the only broken promise concerning taxes, it was by far the most famous.
Election promise – Lists of broken promises (not exhaustive)
In 1994, upon entering Italian politics, media tycoon Silvio Berlusconi promised that he would sell his assets in Fininvest (later Mediaset), because of the conflict of interest it would have generated, a promise he repeated a number of times in later years, but after 12 years and having served three terms as prime minister, he still retains ownership of his company that controls virtually all the Italian private TV stations and a large number of magazines and publishing houses, which have extensively been used in favour of his political party
Election promise – Lists of broken promises (not exhaustive)
Australian Prime Minister John Howard in 1995 that the GST would “never ever” be part of Liberal policy (the tax package was not implemented that term but was put to the Australian people at the next election in 1998 that re-elected Howard)
Election promise – Lists of broken promises (not exhaustive)
In Ireland, Fianna Fáil’s 2002 election promise to “permanently end all hospital waiting lists” by 2004 and to “create a world class health service” through reform and expanding healthcare coverage with “200,000 extra medical cards”.]] Those with medical cards dropped by over 100,000, and waiting lists are still a major issue.
Election promise – Lists of broken promises (not exhaustive)
The Liberal Democrats’ pledge not to increase tuition fees, whereupon it formed a coalition with the Conservative Party and soon after voted for an increase in tuition fees.
Election promise – Lists of broken promises (not exhaustive)
When asked about the issue of carbon taxation, Prime Minister Julia Gillard responded by saying “There will be no carbon tax under a government I lead, but lets be absolutely clear. I am determined to price carbon”. In February 2011, Gillard then announced a carbon pricing mechanism in order to secure a minority government. This has been construed by some as being a broken promise, with debate centering on whether or not a fixed price leading into a trading scheme can be called a ‘tax’.
Election promise – Notes
116 “Nixon didn’t invent the phrase, which originated with a reporter looking for a lead to a story summarizing the Republican candidate’s (hazy) promise to end the war without losing
Election promise – Notes
Morin, Relman (March 14, 1968). “Nixon Plans to Unfold Peace Plan When He Campaigns Against LBJ”. Press Telegram (Long Beach, Cal.). p. 10.
Election promise – Notes
Small, Melvin (April 1988). Johnson, Nixon, and the Doves. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-1288-3. p. 174; Zaroulis, Nancy and Gerald Sullivan (1984). Who Spoke Up? American Protest Against the War in Vietnam, 1963-1975. Doubleday. ISBN 0-03-005603-9. p. 217
Election promise – Notes
Strauss, Robert S. (Summer, 1984). “What’s Right with U. S. Campaigns”. Foreign Policy 55: 15.
Election promise – Notes
See U.S. presidential election, 1900 Misleading Philippine War claims by the Republicans
Election promise – Notes
Small, p. 166; Riegle, Don (1972). O Congress. Doubleday. p. 20; Kalb, Marvin and Bernard (1974). Kissinger. Hutchison. ISBN. p. 120; Hersh, Seymour M. (1983). The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House. Summit Books. ISBN 0-671-44760-2. p. 119
Election promise – Notes
Solomon, Norman (December 22, 2005). “A New Phase of Bright Spinning Lies About Iraq”. CommonDreams.org.
Radio-frequency identification – Promotion tracking
To prevent retailers diverting products, manufacturers are exploring the use of RFID tags on promoted merchandise so that they can track exactly which product has sold through the supply chain at fully discounted prices.
Bluetooth Special Interest Group – Promoter members
These members are the most active in the SIG and have considerable influence over both the strategic and technological directions of Bluetooth as a whole. The current promoter members are:
Bluetooth Special Interest Group – Promoter members
Nokia (founder member)
Bluetooth Special Interest Group – Promoter members
Toshiba (founder member)
Bluetooth Special Interest Group – Promoter members
Each Promoter member has one seat (and one vote) on the Board of Directors and the Qualification Review Board (the body responsible for developing and maintaining the qualification process). They each may have multiple staff in the various working groups and committees that comprise the work of the SIG.
Bluetooth Special Interest Group – Promoter members
The SIG’s website carries a full list of members].
Prometric
Prometric’s corporate headquarters are located in Canton (Baltimore, Maryland) in the United States.
Prometric – History
Prometric is currently a wholly owned, independently operated subsidiary of ETS, allowing ETS to maintain non-profit status.
Prometric – Business
For example, despite the fact that Prometric test centers exist worldwide, some exams are only offered in the country where the client program exists
Prometric – Business
In 2009, the company was involved in a controversy due to widespread technical problems on one of India’s MBA entrance exams, the Common Admission Test. While Prometric claims that the problems were due to common viruses, this claim was disputed since these tests were not internet-based and were rather offered on local area networks within India, where the virus was pre-existent. Due to this controversy Prometric allowed 8000 students to reappear for the examination.
Prometric – International
In the Republic of Ireland, Prometric’s local subsidiary are responsible for administering the Driver Theory Test.
Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard – Compliance and compromises
Much of this confusion is a result of the 2008 Heartland Payment Systems breach, wherein more than one hundred million card numbers were compromised
Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard – Compliance and compromises
Therefore, these frequently cited breaches and their pointed use as a tool for criticism even to the point of noting that Hannaford Brothers had, in fact, received its PCI DSS compliance validation one day after it had been made aware of a two-month long compromise of its internal systems; fail to appropriately assign blame in their blasting of the standard itself as flawed as opposed to the more truthful breakdown in merchant and service provider compliance with the written standard, albeit in this case having not been identified by the assessor.
Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard – Compliance and compromises
At the same time 80% of payment card compromises since 2005 affected Level 4 merchants.
Think Different – Promotional posters
Promotional posters from the campaign were produced in small numbers in 24 x 36 inch sizes. They featured the portrait of one historic figure, with a small Apple logo and the words “Think Different” in one corner. The posters were produced between 1997 and 1998.
Think Different – Promotional posters
14th Dalai Lama (never officially released due to licensing issues and the politically sensitive nature)
Think Different – Promotional posters
Bob Dylan (Never officially released due to licensing issues)
Think Different – Promotional posters
In addition, around the year 2000, Apple produced the ten, 11×17 poster set often referred to as “The Educators Set”, which was distributed through their Education Channels. Apple sent out boxes (the cover of which is a copy of the ‘Crazy Ones’ original TD poster) that each contained 3 packs (sealed in plastic) of 10 small/miniature Think Different posters.
Think Different – Promotional posters
During a special event held on October 14, 1998 at the Flint Center in Cupertino California, a limited edition 11″ x 14″ softbound book was given to employees and affiliates of Apple Computer, Inc. to commemorate the first year of the ad campaign. The 50 page book contained a foreword by Steve Jobs, the text of the original Think Different ad, and illustrations of many of the posters used in the campaign along with narratives describing each person.
Food and Drug Administration – Advertising and promotion
The FDA’s Office of Prescription Drug Promotion reviews and regulates prescription drug advertising and promotion through surveillance activities and issuance of enforcement letters to pharmaceutical manufacturers. Advertising and promotion for over-the-counter drugs is regulated by the Federal Trade Commission.
Food and Drug Administration – Advertising and promotion
The drug advertising regulation contains two broad requirements: (1) a company may advertise or promote a drug only for the specific indication or medical use for which it was approved by FDA. Also, an advertisement must contain a “fair balance” between the benefits and the risks (side effects) of a drug.
Food and Drug Administration – Advertising and promotion
The term off-label refers to drug usage for indications other than those approved by the FDA.
Computational problem – Promise problems
In computational complexity theory, it is usually implicitly assumed that any string in {0, 1}* represents an instance of the computational problem in question. However, sometimes not all strings {0, 1}* represent valid instances, and one specifies a proper subset of {0, 1}* as the set of “valid instances”. Computational problems of this type are called promise problems.
Computational problem – Promise problems
Here, the valid instances are those graphs whose maximum independent set size is either at most 5 or at least 10.
Computational problem – Promise problems
Decision promise problems are usually represented as pairs of disjoint subsets (Lyes, Lno) of {0, 1}*. The valid instances are those in Lyes ? Lno. Lyes and Lno represent the instances whose answer is yes and no, respectively.
Computational problem – Promise problems
Promise problems play an important role in several areas of computational complexity, including hardness of approximation, property testing, and interactive proof systems.
Merrill Lynch – Rise to prominence
Merrill Lynch rose to prominence on the strength of its brokerage network (15,000+ as of 2006), sometimes referred to as the “thundering herd”, that allowed it to place securities it underwrote directly
Elizabeth P. Hoisington – Promotion to Brigadier General
On May 15, 1970, President Nixon announced the first women selected for promotion to brigadier general: Anna Mae Hays, Chief of the Army Nurse Corps, and Hoisington.Associated Press, , May 16, 1970
Elizabeth P. Hoisington – Promotion to Brigadier General
On June 11, 1970, the two women were promoted. Robert A. Dobkin, Associated Press, , Schenectady Gazette, June 12, 1970 According to the , Hays was the first woman in the United States Armed Forces to wear the insignia of a brigadier general. Hays and Hoisington were promoted on the same day within minutes of each other.Associated Press, , The Spokane Spokesman-Review, June 12, 1970
Elizabeth P. Hoisington – Promotion to Brigadier General
The Hoisington and Hays promotions resulted in positive public relations for the Army, including appearances on the Dick Cavett Show|Dick Cavett, David Frost and Today (U.S. TV program)|Today shows. Hoisington, who was noted for her quick smile and ebullient personality, also appeared as a mystery guest on the popular game show What’s My Line?Matt Schudel, , August 24, 2007, at
Elizabeth P. Hoisington – Promotion to Brigadier General
Hoisington retired on August 1, 1971.New York Times, , August 1, 1971
Dreyfus’ critique of AI – The grandiose promises of artificial intelligence
In Alchemy and AI #|(1965) and What Computers Can’t Do #|(1972), Hubert Dreyfus|Dreyfus summarized the history of Artificial Intelligence and ridiculed the unbridled optimism that permeated the field. For example, Herbert A. Simon, following the success of his program General Problem Solver #|(1957), predicted that by 1967:
Dreyfus’ critique of AI – The grandiose promises of artificial intelligence
# A computer would be world champion in chess.
Dreyfus’ critique of AI – The grandiose promises of artificial intelligence
# A computer would discover and prove an important new mathematical theorem.
Dreyfus’ critique of AI – The grandiose promises of artificial intelligence
# Most theories in psychology will take the form of computer programs.
Dreyfus’ critique of AI – The grandiose promises of artificial intelligence
Dreyfus felt that this optimism was totally unwarranted. He believed that they were based on false assumptions about the nature of human intelligence. Pamela McCorduck explains Dreyfus position:
Dreyfus’ critique of AI – The grandiose promises of artificial intelligence
great misunderstanding accounts for public confusion about thinking machines, a misunderstanding perpetrated by the unrealistic claims researchers in AI have been making, claims that thinking machines are already here, or at any rate, just around the corner.
Dreyfus’ critique of AI – The grandiose promises of artificial intelligence
These predictions were based on the success of an information processing model of the mind, articulated by Newell and Simon in their physical symbol systems hypothesis, and later expanded into a philosophical position known as computationalism by philosophers such as Jerry Fodor and Hillary Putnam
Amelia Earhart – Promoting aviation
In 1929, Earhart was among the first aviators to promote commercial air travel through the development of a passenger airline service; along with Charles Lindbergh, she represented Transcontinental Air Transport (TAT) and invested time and money in setting up the first regional shuttle service between New York and Washington, DC
Friendly artificial intelligence – Promotion and support
Promoting Friendly AI is one of the primary goals of the Machine Intelligence Research Institute, along with obtaining funding for, and ultimately creating a seed AI program implementing the ideas of Friendliness theory.
Friendly artificial intelligence – Promotion and support
Several notable future studies|futurists have voiced support for Friendly AI, including author and inventor Raymond Kurzweil, medical life-extension advocate Aubrey de Grey, and World Transhumanist Association co-founder (with David Pearce (philosopher)|David Pearce) Nick Bostrom.
Frankenstein – Modern Prometheus
When Zeus discovered this, he sentenced Prometheus to be eternally punished by fixing him to a rock of Caucasus, where each day an eagle would peck out his liver, only for the liver to regrow the next day because of his immortality as a god
Frankenstein – Modern Prometheus
In particular, he was regarded in the Romantic era as embodying the lone genius whose efforts to improve human existence could also result in tragedy: Mary Shelley, for instance, gave The Modern Prometheus as the subtitle to her novel Frankenstein.” Mary Shelley seemingly titled the book after the conflicted principles of knowledge in the story symbolising Victor as the Modern Prometheus.
Frankenstein – Modern Prometheus
The Titan in the Greek mythology of Prometheus parallels Victor Frankenstein. Victor’s work by creating man by new means reflects the same innovative work of the Titan in creating humans.
Frankenstein – Modern Prometheus
Some have claimed that for Mary Shelley, Prometheus was not a hero but rather something of a devil, whom she blamed for bringing fire to man and thereby seducing the human race to the vice of eating meat (fire brought cooking which brought hunting and killing).(Leonard Wolf, p. 20).
Frankenstein – Modern Prometheus
Byron was particularly attached to the play Prometheus Bound by Aeschylus, and Percy Shelley would soon write his own Prometheus Unbound (Shelley)|Prometheus Unbound (1820). The term Modern Prometheus was actually coined by Immanuel Kant, referring to Benjamin Franklin and his then recent experiments with electricity. Benjamin Franklin in London. The Royal Society. Retrieved 8 August 2007.
Computationalism – Prominent scholars
* Daniel Dennett proposed the Multiple Drafts Model, in which consciousness seems linear but is actually blurry and gappy, distributed over space and time in the brain. Consciousness is the computation, there is no extra step or Cartesian Theater in which you become conscious of the computation.
Computationalism – Prominent scholars
* Jerry Fodor argues that mental states, such as beliefs and desires, are relations between individuals and mental representations
Computationalism – Prominent scholars
* David Marr (psychologist)|David Marr proposed that cognitive processes have three levels of description: the computational level (which describes that computational problem (i.e., input/output mapping) computed by the cognitive process); the algorithmic level (which presents the algorithm used for computing the problem postulated at the computational level); and the implementational level (which describes the physical implementation of the algorithm postulated at the algorithmic level in biological matter, e.g
Computationalism – Prominent scholars
* Ulric Neisser coined the term ‘cognitive psychology’ in his book published in 1967 (Cognitive Psychology), wherein Neisser characterizes people as dynamic information-processing systems whose mental operations might be described in computational terms.
Computationalism – Prominent scholars
* Steven Pinker described a language instinct, an evolved, built-in capacity to learn speech (if not writing).
Computationalism – Prominent scholars
* Hilary Putnam proposed functionalism (philosophy of mind) to describe consciousness, asserting that it is the computation that equates to consciousness, regardless of whether the computation is operating in a brain, in a computer, or in a brain in a vat.
Computationalism – Prominent scholars
* Georges Rey, professor at the University of Maryland, builds on Jerry Fodor’s representational theory of mind to produce his own version of a Computational/Representational Theory of Thought.
60 Minutes – Viacom/CBS cross-promotion
In recent years, the show has been accused of promoting books, films, and interviews with celebrities who are published or promoted by sister businesses of media conglomerate Viacom (original)|Viacom (which owned CBS from 2000 to 2005) and publisher Simon Schuster (which remains a part of CBS Corporation after the 2005 CBS/Viacom split), without disclosing the journalistic conflict-of-interest to viewers., Bryan Preston and Chris Regan, National Review, April 2, 2004.
PostgreSQL – Prominent users
* Yahoo! for web user behavioral analysis, storing two petabytes and claimed to be the largest data warehouse using a heavily modified version of PostgreSQL with an entirely different Column-oriented DBMS|column-based storage engine and different query processing layer
PostgreSQL – Prominent users
* In 2009, social networking website MySpace used Aster Data Systems’s nCluster database for data warehousing, which was built on unmodified PostgreSQL.
PostgreSQL – Prominent users
* State Farm uses PostgreSQL on their Aster Data Systems’s nCluster Analytics server.
PostgreSQL – Prominent users
* Geni.com uses PostgreSQL for their main genealogy database.
PostgreSQL – Prominent users
* Sony Online multiplayer online games.
PostgreSQL – Prominent users
* BASF, shopping platform for their agribusiness portal.
PostgreSQL – Prominent users
* Skype VoIP application, central business databases.
PostgreSQL – Prominent users
* Sun xVM, Sun’s virtualization and datacenter automation suite.
PostgreSQL – Prominent users
* MusicBrainz, open online music encyclopedia.
PostgreSQL – Prominent users
* International Space Station for collecting telemetry data in orbit and replicating it to the ground.
PostgreSQL – Prominent users
* Instagram, a popular mobile photo sharing service
PostgreSQL – Prominent users
* Disqus, an online discussion and commenting service
New York Times – Fashion news articles promoting advertisers
In the mid to late 1950s, fashion writer..
Xbox Live Indie Games – Promotions
Developers have come together to promote Xbox Live Indie Games with community driven promotions featuring select games, called the Indie Games Uprising. To date there have been three uprisings, the XBLIG Winter Uprising, which took place during December 2010, and the XBLIG Summer Uprising which started on August 22, 2011, and the Uprising III scheduled to start on September 10, 2012.
PlayStation: The Official Magazine – Mascots and promotion
In the beginning, PSM had an anime-style mascot named Banzai Chibi-Chan, created and illustrated by Robert DeJesus. He was featured prominently in early issues and even inspired apparel and other accessories. He was later dropped, with the supposed reason being that the character was too childish and gave some the wrong impression about the magazine’s intended audience.
PlayStation: The Official Magazine – Mascots and promotion
A smiley|smiley face featuring an eye patch with a star on it was also used, but it too was eventually dropped after the magazine went through redesign in later years. The PSM Smiley Face was notable for its appearance throughout the magazine, as well as on lid-sticker inserts (large, circular stickers that could be placed decoratively on the lid of a PlayStation (console)|PlayStation console), including one found in the first issue.
PlayStation: The Official Magazine – Mascots and promotion
Some lid-stickers promotionally featured characters from PlayStation (console)|PS1 games being covered in the magazine. Other inserts included PS1 memory card label stickers featuring visual themes similar to the lid-stickers, as well as Video Game tip sheets, instead of the Game demo|demo discs that then-competitor Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine was known for.
PlayStation: The Official Magazine – Mascots and promotion
PTOM also had promotional pullout-style posters from time to time, to help advertise upcoming Video Game releases.
Xbox (console) – Promotion
In 2002 the Independent Television Commission (ITC) banned a television advertisement for the Xbox in the United Kingdom after complaints that it was highly distasteful, violent, scary and upsetting
Nintendo 64 – Promotion
90 different tips were available, with three variations of 30 tips each.Promotions: Mills Gets Foot Up with Nintendo Link-up
Nintendo 64 – Promotion
Nintendo advertised its Funtastic Series of peripherals with a $10 million print and television campaign from February 28 to April 30, 2000. Leo Burnett, Chicago, was in charge.Wasserman, Todd. Nintendo: Pokemon, Peripherals Get $30M. Brandweek 41.7 (2000): 48. Business Source Complete. Web. 24 July 2013.
History of video games – Online gaming rises to prominence
As affordable broadband Internet connectivity spread, many publishers turned to online gaming as a way of innovating
Digg – Organized promotion and censorship by users
It has been possible for users to have disproportionate influence on Digg, either by themselves or in teams. These users are sometimes motivated to promote or bury pages for political or financial reasons.
Digg – Organized promotion and censorship by users
Serious attempts by users to game the site began in 2006. A top user was banned after agreeing to promote a story for cash to an undercover Digg sting operation. Another group of users openly formed a ‘Bury Brigade’ to remove spam articles about US politician Ron Paul; critics accused the group of attempting to stifle any mention of Ron Paul on Digg.
Digg – Organized promotion and censorship by users
Digg hired computer scientist Anton Kast to develop a diversity algorithm that would prevent special interest groups from dominating Digg. During a town hall meeting, Digg executives responded to criticism by removing some features that gave superusers extra weight, but declined to make buries transparent.
Digg – Organized promotion and censorship by users
However, later that year Google increased its page rank for Digg. Shortly, many ‘pay for Diggs’ startups were created to profit from the opportunity. According to TechCrunch, one top user charged $700 per story, with a $500 bonus if the story reached the front page.
Digg – Organized promotion and censorship by users
Digg Patriots was a conservative Yahoo! Groups mailing list, with an associated page on coRank, accused of coordinated, politically motivated behavior on Digg
Sony Tablet – Promotional videos
On 15 June 2011, Sony released the first in a series of five videos titled Two Will, promoting and featuring the Tablets in an elaborately designed Rube Goldberg Machine. The episodes are entitled:
Viral video – Band and music promotion
YouTube has become a means of promoting bands and their music. Many independent musicians, as well as large companies such as Universal Music Group, use YouTube to promote videos.
Viral video – Band and music promotion
A video broadcasting the Free Hugs Campaign, with accompanying music by the Sick Puppies, led to instant fame for both the band and the campaign,2006 YouTube Video Awards Free Hugs wins in most inspirational category
Secure server – In case of compromised secret (private) key
An important property in this context is perfect forward secrecy (PFS)
Secure server – In case of compromised secret (private) key
A certificate may be revoked before it expires, for example because the secrecy of the private key has been compromised
Jurassic Park (film) – Release and promotion
Universal spent $65 million on the marketing campaign for Jurassic Park, making deals with 100 companies to market 1,000 products. These included Jurassic Park video games|three Jurassic Park video games by Sega and Ocean Software, a toy line by Kenner that was distributed by Hasbro, and a novelization aimed at young children.
Jurassic Park (film) – Release and promotion
The film’s trailers only gave fleeting glimpses of the dinosaurs, a tactic journalist Josh Horowitz described as that old Spielberg axiom of never revealing too much when Spielberg and director Michael Bay did the same for their production of Transformers (film)|Transformers in 2007. The film was marketed with the tagline An Adventure 65 Million Years In The Making. This was a joke Spielberg made on set about the genuine, thousands of years old mosquito in amber used for Hammond’s walking stick.
Jurassic Park (film) – Release and promotion
The film premiered at the National Building Museum on June 9, 1993, in Washington, D.C., in support of two children’s charities. Two days later it opened nationwide, in 2,404 theater locations and an estimated 3,400 screens.
Jurassic Park (film) – Release and promotion
Following the film’s release, a traveling exhibition began. Steve Englehart wrote a series of comic books published by Topps Comics. They acted as a continuation of the film, consisting of the two-issue Raptor, the four-issue Raptors Attack and Raptors Hijack, and Return to Jurassic Park, which lasted nine issues. All published issues were republished under the single title Jurassic Park Adventures in the United States and as Jurassic Park in the United Kingdom.
Jurassic Park (film) – Release and promotion
Jurassic Park was broadcast on television for the first time on May 7, 1995, following the April 26 airing of The Making of Jurassic Park
Jurassic Park (film) – Release and promotion
The Jurassic Park: The Ride (Universal Studios Hollywood)|Jurassic Park Ride went into development in November 1990 and premiered at Universal Studios Hollywood on June 15, 1996, at a cost of $110 million
The Lord of the Rings Online: Helm’s Deep – Promotions Rewards
The Promotions system only uses the highest value for determining points, so the player only has to achieve Platinum once to earn the maximum points for each quest.
The Lord of the Rings Online: Helm’s Deep – Promotions Rewards
If a player wants to put extreme emphasis on one promotion tree, they can spend points solely on that tree, but they can also achieve a mix of promotions for all three roles if they so choose instead
The Lord of the Rings Online: Helm’s Deep – Promotions Rewards
In addition to the Promotions window is the Expertise panel. These skills are unlocked by spending points in the trees in the right-hand panel. The deeper the player goes into a given line, the more Expertise traits are unlocked in that line. Expertise traits are unlocks that accentuate their given line – new ammo types for Engineers, more order types for Officers, and different damaging effects for Vanguards.
Escape character – Windows Command Prompt
The cmd.exe|Windows command-line interpreter uses a caret character (^) to escape reserved characters that have special meanings (in particular: amp; | ( ) lt; gt; ^). The COMMAND.COM|DOS command-line interpreter, though it supports similar syntax, does not support this.
Escape character – Windows Command Prompt
For example, on the Windows Command Prompt, this will result in a syntax error.
Escape character – Windows Command Prompt
whereas this will output the string: lt;wikigt;
PlayStation Move – Promotion
As part of the promotional marketing for Sorcery (video game)|Sorcery, the PlayStation Move controller was inducted into The Magic Circle museum by Vice President Scott Penrose.
Mercosur – Reciprocal promotion and protection
In this context, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Brazil signed on January 1, 1994 in the city of Colonia del Sacramento, Uruguay, the Colonia Protocol for the Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Mercosur Investments (Colonia Protocol)
RFID – Promotion tracking
To prevent retailers diverting products, manufacturers are exploring the use of RFID tags on promoted merchandise so that they can track exactly which product has sold through the supply chain at fully discounted prices.
ITunes Store – Promotions
The promotion was repeated beginning January 31, 2005, with 200 million songs available, and an iPod Mini given away every hour.
ITunes Store – Promotions
On July 1, 2004, Apple announced that, starting with the sale of the 95 millionth song, an iPod would be given away to the buyer of each 100 thousandth song, for a total of 50 iPods. The buyer of the 100 millionth song would receive a PowerBook, iPod, and US$10,000 gift certificate to the iTunes Music Store.
ITunes Store – Promotions
Ten days later, on July 11, Apple announced that 100 million songs had been sold through the iTunes Music Store. The 100 millionth song was titled Somersault (Danger Mouse|Dangermouse Remix) by Zero 7, purchased by Kevin Britten of Hays, Kansas. He then received a phone call from Apple CEO Steve Jobs, who offered his congratulations, as well as a 40GB 3rd Generation iPod laser-engraved with a message of thanks.
ITunes Store – Promotions
Inspired by Pepsi’s marketing success with iTunes giveaways, Coca-Cola partnered with 7-Eleven to give away a free iTunes song with every
ITunes Store – Promotions
On July 5, 2005, Apple announced that they were counting down to half a billion songs
ITunes Store – Promotions
On July 28, 2005, Apple and Gap (clothing retailer)|The Gap announced a promotion to award iTunes music downloads to Gap customers who tried on a pair of Gap jeans. From August 8 to 31, 2005, each customer who tried on any pair of Gap jeans could receive a free download for a song of their choice from the iTunes Music Store.
ITunes Store – Promotions
On February 7, 2006, Apple announced that they were counting down to the billionth song download and began a promotion similar to the previous 100 million and 500 million countdown
ITunes Store – Promotions
In addition, the promotion caused discontent among international students, as the code was only valid in the US iTunes Music Store.
ITunes Store – Promotions
On April 10, 2009, Apple announced that it will be counting down to the billionth app. Apps being the applications for iPod Touch and iPhone. Launching a counter that is constantly running on Good Friday, Apple starting counting down. Connor Mulcahey, age 13 of Weston, CT, downloaded the billionth app, Bump (application)|Bump by Bump Technologies, and will receive a Macbook Pro 17, a 32GB iPod Touch, a Time Capsule, and a $10,000 Gift Card for the iTunes store.
ITunes Store – Promotions
On February 11, 2010 Apple announced that it would be counting down to 10 billion songs downloaded. A $10,000 gift card was offered as a prize. On February 24, 2010, the 10 billionth song, Guess Things Happen That Way by Johnny Cash, was purchased by Louie Sulcer of Woodstock, Georgia.
HBO GO – National expansion, innovation and rise to prominence (1975–1993)
On September 30, 1975, HBO became the first television network to continuously deliver its signal via Communications satellite|satellite when it broadcast the Thrilla in Manila boxing match between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier
HBO GO – National expansion, innovation and rise to prominence (1975–1993)
HBO broadcast for only nine hours each day, from 3 p.m
HBO GO – National expansion, innovation and rise to prominence (1975–1993)
In 1983, HBO’s first original movie and the first made-for-pay-TV movie The Terry Fox Story premiered. That year also saw the premiere of the first children’s program broadcast on the channel: Fraggle Rock. HBO continued to air various original programs aimed at children until 2001, when these programs almost completely moved over to HBO Family.
HBO GO – National expansion, innovation and rise to prominence (1975–1993)
HBO became involved in several legal suits during the 1980s
HBO GO – National expansion, innovation and rise to prominence (1975–1993)
In 1987, HBO launched HBO#Festival|Festival,Festival program guide 1987 a separate premium channel that featured Golden age (metaphor)|classic and recent hit movies, along with specials and documentaries from HBO
HBO GO – National expansion, innovation and rise to prominence (1975–1993)
In 1988, HBO’s subscriber base expanded greatly as a result of the Writers Guild of America 1988 Writers Guild of America strike|strike that year. HBO had new programming, while the broadcast networks could only air reruns of their shows. In 1989, HBO comparative advertising|compared programming against rival pay television network Showtime, with the slogan Simply the Best, using the Tina Turner single The Best (song)|The Best.
HBO GO – National expansion, innovation and rise to prominence (1975–1993)
On January 2, 1989, HBO launched Selecciones en Español de HBO y Cinemax (Spanish Selections from HBO and Cinemax) – an alternate Spanish-language feed of HBO and Cinemax
HBO GO – National expansion, innovation and rise to prominence (1975–1993)
Taking advantage of HBO, Warner Communications merged with HBO parent Time Inc. in 1989, creating Time Warner, which , remains the parent company of the network (coincidentally, Warner Communications had created rival The Movie Channel – which has been owned by CBS Corporation since 2006 – in the late 1970s before Viacom (original)|Viacom, which purchased a 50% stake in The Movie Channel in 1983, bought Warner’s remaining half-ownership of that network in 1985).
HBO GO – National expansion, innovation and rise to prominence (1975–1993)
In 1991, HBO and Cinemax became the first premium services to offer Multiplex (TV)|multiplexed channels to cable customers with the launch of HBO2 and Cinemax 2 on three cable systems in Wisconsin, Kansas and Texas.[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-10807607.html HBO: three channels are better than one], Multichannel News (via HighBeam Research), May 13, 1991
HBO GO – Rising prominence of original programming (1993–present)
During the 1990s, HBO began experiencing increasing success with its original series programming such as Tales from the Crypt (TV series)|Tales from the Crypt, Dream On (TV series)|Dream On, Tracey Takes On…, Mr
HBO GO – Rising prominence of original programming (1993–present)
One aspect as to the perceived higher quality of these shows is due to both the quality of the writing on the programs and the fact that as a subscription-only service, HBO does not carry normal commercials; instead the network runs promotions for upcoming HBO programs and behind-the-scenes featurettes between programs
HBO GO – Rising prominence of original programming (1993–present)
Beginning the 1997 launch of its first one-hour dramatic narrative series Oz (TV series)|Oz, HBO started a trend that became commonplace with premium cable providers
Left 4 Dead 2 – Promotion
PC and Xbox 360 players who pre-ordered Left 4 Dead 2 through participating retailers gained early access to the game’s demo, which was released on October 27, 2009 for Xbox Live and October 28, 2009 for PC players, and an exclusive baseball bat melee weapon to be used in game
Left 4 Dead 2 – Promotion
On October 5, 2009, Valve announced that Left 4 Dead 2 would be promoted by a $25million advertising campaign, exceeding the $10million that supported Left 4 Dead. The campaign includes television advertisements during sporting events, on billboards and magazines; and more aggressive advertising for Europe.
Digital media – Several design houses are active in this space, prominent names being
* John Lennon Educational Tour Bus
Last.fm – Full length promotional tracks and free downloads
30-second previews of any of the 12 million streamable tracks are available on demand, from anywhere in the site, by clicking on the grey arrow next to the name of the track or artist. Some tracks were also available to preview in full if the label or artist has specifically authorized it.
Last.fm – Full length promotional tracks and free downloads
More than 500,000 indie artists and labels have used the Last.fm Music Manager to upload more than 3 million tracks to be played on Last.fm’s radio, 2 Million can be played directly from artist and more than 1M of these songs are currently downloadable,[http://blog.last.fm/2011/07/01/lastfm-music-manager-powers-mp3coms-library-of-1m-promotional-downloads]
Digital Object Memory – SemProM
Funded by the German Ministry of Education and Research, the project SemProM (Semantic Product Memory, see www.semprom.org/) employs smart labels in order to give products a digital memory and thus support intelligent applications along the product’s Product lifecycle|lifecycle
Red Bull GmbH – Promotional cars
In addition to sport sponsorships, Red Bull has developed the MET (Mobile Energy Team) programme
Red Bull GmbH – Promotional Aircraft
The company uses numerous historic fixed wing and rotary wing aircraft[http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?airlinesearch=Red%20Bull Red Bull Aircraft (airliners photo collection)] in their promotions including:
Red Bull GmbH – Promotional Aircraft
* Chance-Vought F4U Corsair|F4U-4 List of surviving F4U Corsairs|96995 (OE-EAS)
Red Bull GmbH – Promotional Aircraft
* North American B-25 Mitchell|B-25J-30NC North American B-25 Survivors|44-86893 (N6123C)
Amazon tax – Compromise with Amazon.com
In response to resistance from Amazon.com, other online retailers, and anti-tax groups, the State of California agreed to a delay of one year before requiring online retailers to begin collecting sales tax on sales to California addresses
Amazon tax – Compromise with Amazon.com
Governor Jerry Brown said, This landmark legislation not only levels the playing field between online retailers and California’s brick-and-mortar businesses, it will also create tens of thousands of jobs and inject hundreds of millions of dollars back into critical services like education and public safety in future years.
Kraft Foods – Sponsorships and promotions
Kraft is an official partner and sponsor of Major League Soccer and sponsors the Kraft Nabisco Championship, one of the four Women’s major golf championships|majors on the LPGA tour. The company also sponsored the Fight Hunger Bowl|Kraft Fight Hunger Bowl, a post-season college football bowl game, from 2010-2012.
Kraft Foods – Sponsorships and promotions
Kraft HockeyVille is a Canadian reality television series developed by Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC/SRC Sports and sponsored by Kraft Foods in which communities across Canada compete to demonstrate their commitment to the sport of ice hockey. The contest revolves around a central theme of community spirit in Canada and is directed by Mike Dodson.
Kraft Foods – Sponsorships and promotions
Kraft has released an App Store (iOS)|iPad app called Big Fork Little Fork which, in addition to games and other distractions, has information regarding how to use Kraft foods in nutritious ways. This app costs $1.99; a version for home computers is available on Apple’s App Store.
Kraft Foods – Sponsorships and promotions
Kraft is also involved in political sponsorship. According to The Guardian, Kraft helps to finance the State Policy Network. The State Policy Network characterizes itself as made up of free market think tanks – at least one in every state – fighting to limit government and advance market-friendly public policy.
Quincy Jones – 1960s breakthrough and rise to prominence
In 1964, Jones was promoted to vice-president of Mercury Records, becoming the first African-American to hold this executive position. In that same year, he turned his attention to film scores, another musical arena long closed to African-Americans. At the invitation of director Sidney Lumet, he composed the music for The Pawnbroker (film)|The Pawnbroker (1964). It was the first of his 33 major motion picture scores.
Quincy Jones – 1960s breakthrough and rise to prominence
Following the success of The Pawnbroker, Jones left Mercury Records and moved to Los Angeles
Quincy Jones – 1960s breakthrough and rise to prominence
In the 1960s, Jones worked as an arranger for some of the most important artists of the era, including Billy Eckstine, Sarah Vaughan, Frank Sinatra, Ella Fitzgerald, Peggy Lee, and Dinah Washington. Jones’s solo recordings also gained acclaim, including Walking in Space, Gula Matari, Smackwater Jack, You’ve Got It Bad, Girl, Body Heat (Quincy Jones album)|Body Heat, Mellow Madness, and I Heard That!!.
Quincy Jones – 1960s breakthrough and rise to prominence
He is known for his 1962 tune Soul Bossa Nova, which originated on the Big Band Bossa Nova album. Soul Bossa Nova was a theme used for the 1998 World Cup, the Canadian game show Definition (TV series)|Definition, the Woody Allen film Take the Money and Run and the Austin Powers (series)|Austin Powers film series. It was sampled by Canadian hip hop group Dream Warriors for their song, My Definition of a Boombastic Jazz Style.
Quincy Jones – 1960s breakthrough and rise to prominence
Jones produced all four million-selling singles for Lesley Gore during the early and mid-sixties, including It’s My Party (UK No.8; US No.1), Judy’s Turn To Cry (US No.5), She’s A Fool (also a US No.5) in 1963, and You Don’t Own Me (US No.2 for four weeks in 1964). He continued to produce for Gore until 1966, including the Ellie Greenwich|Greenwich/ Jeff Barry|Barry hit Look of Love (Lesley Gore song)|Look of Love (US No.27) in 1965.
Quincy Jones – 1960s breakthrough and rise to prominence
In 1975, Jones founded Qwest Productions, for which he arranged and produced hugely successful albums by Frank Sinatra and other major pop figures. In 1978, he produced the soundtrack for the musical adaptation of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz|The Wizard of Oz, The Wiz, starring Michael Jackson and Diana Ross. In 1982, Jones’s produced Michael Jackson’s all-time best-selling album Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller.[http://www.biography.com/people/quincy-jones-9357524?page=1]
Quincy Jones – 1960s breakthrough and rise to prominence
Jones’s 1981 album The Dude (Quincy Jones album)|The Dude yielded multiple hit singles, including Ai No Corrida (song)|Ai No Corrida (a remake of a song by Chaz Jankel), Just Once and One Hundred Ways, the latter two featuring James Ingram on lead vocals and marking Ingram’s first hits.
Quincy Jones – 1960s breakthrough and rise to prominence
In 1985, Jones wrote the score for the Steven Spielberg film adaptation of the Pulitzer prize winning epistolary novel The Color Purple (film)|The Color Purple by Alice Walker
Quincy Jones – 1960s breakthrough and rise to prominence
In 1988, Quincy Jones Productions joined forces with Warner Communications to create Quincy Jones Entertainment
Quincy Jones – 1960s breakthrough and rise to prominence
Starting in the late 1970s, Jones tried to convince Miles Davis to perform the music he had recorded on several classic albums of the 1960s, which had been arranged by Gil Evans
Quincy Jones – 1960s breakthrough and rise to prominence
In 1993, Jones collaborated with David Salzman to produce the concert extravaganza An American Reunion, a celebration of Bill Clinton’s inauguration as president of the United States
Quincy Jones – 1960s breakthrough and rise to prominence
In 2001, Jones published his autobiography, Q: The Autobiography of Quincy Jones
Nimbit – Marketing Promotion
Nimbit’s promotion tool for Facebook, Twitter, and Email was designed to drive fans to visit an artist’s Nimbit storefront with sharable interactive promotions that feature embedded video, an audio player, personal messages from artists, and a link to a free download that redeems at the artist’s storefront.www.digitalmusicnews.com/permalink/2012/120316facebook
Nimbit – Marketing Promotion
In September 2012, Nimbit added automatic follow up to their Promotion tool to encourage fans who accessed the original promotion to make a purchase citing evidence that artists who did follow up with new fans achieved far greater sales.allfacebook.com/nimbit-thank-you-rewards_b100775?utm_source=feedburnerutm_medium=feedutm_campaign=Feed%3A+allfacebook+%28Facebook+Blog%29
Nimbit – Marketing Promotion
Nimbit also provides analytics and sales reporting so you can understand your business and fans.
Nimbit – Disc manufacturing (CD/DVD) / Promotional Printing
Nimbit provides compact disc|CD and DVD replication and short-run CD-R and DVD-R duplication. The service includes prepress graphic work, UPC (UCC-issued barcode), Electronic PDF graphic proof, and assembly and wrapping. Nimbit also provides printing services for posters, flyers, cards, and other promotional materials.nimbit.discproductionservices.com/Quoter/index.aspx
Open data – Organisations promoting open data
* freeourdata.org.uk[http://www.freeourdata.org.uk/index.php Free our data] (The Guardian technology section)
Open data – Organisations promoting open data
* Open Data in the United Kingdom
Open data – Organisations promoting open data
* Open Knowledge Foundation
Open data – Organisations promoting open data
* [http://openstate.eu/ Open State Foundation]
Open data – Organisations promoting open data
* Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition
Open data – Organisations promoting open data
* LinkedScience.orglinkedscience.org/about
Open data – Organisations promoting open data
* w3.org [http://esw.w3.org/topic/SweoIG/TaskForces/CommunityProjects/LinkingOpenData Linking Open Data on the Semantic Web]
Sales promotion
(The other six parts of the promotional mix are advertising, sales|personal selling, direct marketing, publicity/public relations, corporate image and exhibitions.) Media and non-media marketing communication are employed for a pre-determined, limited time to increase consumer demand, stimulate market demand or improve product availability
Sales promotion
Sales promotions can be directed at either the customer, sales staff, or distribution (business)|distribution channel members (such as retailers). Sales promotions targeted at the consumer are called ‘consumer sales promotions’. Sales promotions targeted at retailers and wholesalers|wholesale are called ‘trade sales promotions’. Some sale promotions, particularly ones with unusual methods, are considered gimmicks by many.
Sales promotion
Sales promotion includes several communications activities that attempt to provide added value or incentives to consumers, wholesalers, retailers, or other organizational customers to stimulate immediate sales. These efforts can attempt to stimulate product interest, trial, or purchase. Examples of devices used in sales promotion include coupons, samples, premiums, point-of-purchase (POP) displays, contests, rebates, and sweepstakes.
Sales promotion
Inside sales promotion activities includes window displays, product and promotional material display and promotional programs such as premium awards and contests.
Sales promotion – Consumer sales promotion techniques
*’Price deal’: A temporary reduction in the price, such as 50% off.
Sales promotion – Consumer sales promotion techniques
*Loyal Reward Program: Consumers collect points, miles, or credits for purchases and redeem them for rewards.
Sales promotion – Consumer sales promotion techniques
*Cents-off deal: Offers a brand at a lower price. Price reduction may be a percentage marked on the package.
Sales promotion – Consumer sales promotion techniques
*Price-pack deal: The packaging offers a consumer a certain percentage more of the product for the same price (for example, 25 percent extra).
Sales promotion – Consumer sales promotion techniques
*Coupons: coupons have become a standard mechanism for sales promotions.
Sales promotion – Consumer sales promotion techniques
*Loss leader: the price of a popular product is temporarily reduced below cost in order to stimulate other profitable sales
Sales promotion – Consumer sales promotion techniques
* Free-standing insert (FSI): A coupon booklet is inserted into the local newspaper for delivery.
Sales promotion – Consumer sales promotion techniques
* On-shelf couponing: Coupons are present at the shelf where the product is available.
Sales promotion – Consumer sales promotion techniques
* Checkout dispensers: On checkout the customer is given a coupon based on products purchased.
Sales promotion – Consumer sales promotion techniques
* On-line couponing: Coupons are available online. Consumers print them out and take them to the store.
Sales promotion – Consumer sales promotion techniques
* Mobile couponing: Coupons are available on a mobile phone. Consumers show the offer on a mobile phone to a salesperson for redemption.
Sales promotion – Consumer sales promotion techniques
* Online interactive promotion game: Consumers play an interactive game associated with the promoted product.
Sales promotion – Consumer sales promotion techniques
* rebate (marketing)|Rebates: Consumers are offered money back if the receipt and barcode are mailed to the producer.
Sales promotion – Consumer sales promotion techniques
* Contests/sweepstakes/games: The consumer is automatically entered into the event by purchasing the product.
Sales promotion – Consumer sales promotion techniques
** Aisle interrupter: A sign that juts into the aisle from the shelf.
Sales promotion – Consumer sales promotion techniques
** Dangler: A sign that sways when a consumer walks by it.
Sales promotion – Consumer sales promotion techniques
** Dump bin: A bin full of products dumped inside.
Sales promotion – Consumer sales promotion techniques
** Glorifier: A small stage that elevates a product above other products.
Sales promotion – Consumer sales promotion techniques
** YES unit: your extra salesperson is a pull-out fact sheet.
Sales promotion – Consumer sales promotion techniques
** Electroluminescent: Solar-powered, animated light in motion.[http://www.specialtyprinting.net/new-innovations/el-signage.php Electroluminescent Point of Purchase Signs]
Sales promotion – Consumer sales promotion techniques
* Kids eat free specials: Offers a discount on the total dining bill by offering 1 free kids meal with each regular meal purchased.
Sales promotion – Consumer sales promotion techniques
*Sampling: Consumers get one sample for free, after their trial and then could decide whether to buy or not.
Sales promotion – Trade sales promotion techniques
* Trade allowances: short term incentive offered to induce a retailer to stock up on a product.
Sales promotion – Trade sales promotion techniques
* Dealer loader: An incentive given to induce a retailer to purchase and display a product.
Sales promotion – Trade sales promotion techniques
* Trade contest: A contest to reward retailers that sell the most product.
Sales promotion – Trade sales promotion techniques
* Point-of-purchase displays: Used to create the urge of impulse buying and selling your product on the spot.
Sales promotion – Trade sales promotion techniques
* Training programs: dealer employees are trained in selling the product.
Sales promotion – Trade sales promotion techniques
* Push money: also known as spiffs. An extra commission paid to retail employees to push products.
Sales promotion – Trade sales promotion techniques
Trade discounts (also called functional discounts): These are payments to distribution channel members for performing some function .
Sales promotion – Retail Mechanics
Retailers have a stock number of retail ‘mechanics’ that they regularly roll out or rotate for new marketing initiatives.
Sales promotion – Retail Mechanics
* Buy a quantity for a lower price
Sales promotion – Retail Mechanics
* Get x% of discount on weekdays.
Sales promotion – Political issues
Sales promotions have traditionally been heavily regulated in many advanced industrial nations, with the notable exception of the United States
Sales promotion – Political issues
Most European countries also have controls on the scheduling and permissible types of sales promotions, as they are regarded in those countries as bordering upon unfair business practices. Germany is notorious for having the most strict regulations. Famous examples include the car wash that was barred from giving free car washes to regular customers and a baker who could not give a free cloth bag to customers who bought more than 10 rolls.
Windows 3.1x – Promotion and reception
Microsoft began a television advertising campaign for the first time on March 1, 1992
VK (social network) – Promotional use by bands and musicians
Musicians that use VK for promotion often upload their own tracks to their official VK pages. Notable examples include the Russian rapper Noize MC, as well as international celebrities like Tiësto, Shakira, Paul Van Dyk, The Prodigy or Dan Balan.vk.com/pages?oid=-2158488p=?????????_????_?????????
Universidad Autonoma de Madrid – Societies and compromise
The Autonomous University of Madrid has an active student body, having organised one of the Spain’s most important events against the dictatorship in 1976 called the Iberian Peoples Festival
Universidad Autonoma de Madrid – Societies and compromise
In recent years, UAM students have organised massively to protest against terrorism, after the assassination of Prof. Francisco Tomas y Valiente by ETA in 1995, against the Organic Law of Universities in 2001, to clean Spain’s northern coast after the Prestige oil spill in 2002, against the War in Iraq in 2003, to assist to the II European Social Forum also in 2003, and in solidarity with the victims of the 11th March 2004 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings|Madrid train bombings.
Chegg – Green marketing promotion
Chegg has an arrangement with American Forests’ Global Releaf Program such that every book rented or sold means that one tree is planted. The firm claims that over five million trees have been planted.[http://www.chegg.com/ecofriendly/ Chegg.com][http://www.americanforests.org/global_releaf/ Ecofriendly]
Social network game – Social gaming as corporate promotion
The Walt Disney Company’s Disney Animal Kingdom Explorers was developed to create awareness of Disney’s theme parks and also promote conservation
Social network game – Social gaming as corporate promotion
Some large established Video Games developers are acquiring small operators to capitalize on the social gaming industry. The Walt Disney Company purchased social game developer Playdom for $763.0 million, and Electronic Arts purchased PopCap Games for $750.0 million in July 2011.
Prejudice – Controversies and prominent topics
One can be prejudiced against, or have a preconceived notion about someone due to any characteristic they find to be unusual or undesirable. A few commonplace examples of prejudice are those based on someone’s race, gender, nationality, social status, sexual orientation or religious affiliation, and controversies may arise from any given topic.
PROMETHEE
The ‘preference ranking organization method for enrichment of evaluations’ and its descriptive complement ‘geometrical analysis for interactive aid’ are better known as the ‘Promethee and Gaia’ methods.
PROMETHEE
Based on mathematics and sociology, the Promethee and Gaia method was developed at the beginning of the 1980s and has been extensively studied and refined since then.
PROMETHEE
It has particular application in decision making, and is used around the world in a wide variety of decision scenarios, in fields such as business, governmental institutions, transportation, healthcare and education.
PROMETHEE
Rather than pointing out a right decision, the Promethee and Gaia method helps decision makers find the alternative that best suits their goal and their understanding of the problem. It provides a comprehensive and rational framework for structuring a decision problem, identifying and quantifying its conflicts and synergies, clusters of actions, and highlight the main alternatives and the structured reasoning behind.
PROMETHEE – History
The basic elements of the Promethee method have been first introduced by Professor Jean-Pierre Brans (CSOO, VUB Vrije Universiteit Brussel) in 1982. It was later developed and implemented by Professor Jean-Pierre Brans and Professor Bertrand Mareschal (Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management, ULB Université Libre de Bruxelles), including extensions such as GAIA.
PROMETHEE – History
The descriptive approach, named Gaia, allows the decision maker to visualize the main features of a decision problem: he/she is able to easily identify conflicts or synergies between criteria, to identify clusters of actions and to highlight remarkable performances.
PROMETHEE – History
Promethee has successfully been used in many decision making contexts worldwide. A non-exhaustive list of scientific publications about extensions, applications and discussions related to the Promethee methods was published in 2010.
PROMETHEE – Uses and applications
While it can be used by individuals working on straightforward decisions, the Promethee Gaia is most useful where groups of people are working on complex problems, especially those with several multi-criteria, involving a lot of human perceptions and judgments, whose decisions have long-term impact
PROMETHEE – Uses and applications
Decision situations to which the Promethee and Gaia can be applied include:
PROMETHEE – Uses and applications
* Choice – The selection of one alternative from a given set of alternatives, usually where there are multiple decision criteria involved.
PROMETHEE – Uses and applications
* Resource allocation – Allocating resources among a set of alternatives
PROMETHEE – Uses and applications
* Ranking – Putting a set of alternatives in order from most to least preferred
PROMETHEE – Uses and applications
* Conflict resolution – Settling disputes between parties with apparently incompatible objectives
PROMETHEE – Uses and applications
The applications of Promethee and Gaia to complex multi-criteria decision scenarios have numbered in the thousands, and have produced extensive results in problems involving planning, resource allocation, priority setting, and selection among alternatives. Other areas have included forecasting, talent selection, and tender analysis.
PROMETHEE – Uses and applications
Some uses of Promethee and Gaia have become case-studies. Recently these have included:
PROMETHEE – Uses and applications
* Deciding which resources are the best with the available budget to meet SPS quality standards (STDF – WTO) [See more in External Links]
PROMETHEE – Uses and applications
* Selecting new route for train performance (Italferr)[See more in External Links]
PROMETHEE – Assumptions
Let A=\ be a set of n actions and let F=\ be a consistent family of q criteria. Without loss of generality, we will assume that these criteria have to be maximized.
PROMETHEE – Assumptions
The basic data related to such a problem can be written in a table containing n\times q evaluations. Each line corresponds to an action and each column corresponds to a criterion.
PROMETHEE – Pairwise comparisons
d_k(a_i,a_j) is the difference between the evaluations of two actions for criterion f_k. Of course, these differences depend on the measurement scales used and are not always easy to compare for the decision maker.
PROMETHEE – Preference Degree
As a consequence the notion of preference function is introduced to translate the difference into a unicriterion preference degree as follows:
PROMETHEE – Preference Degree
where P_k:\R\rightarrow[0,1] is a positive non-decreasing preference function such that P_j(0)=0. Six different types of preference function are proposed in the original Promethee definition. Among them, the linear unicriterion preference function is often used in practice for quantitative criteria:
PROMETHEE – Preference Degree
where q_j and p_j are respectively the indifference and preference thresholds
PROMETHEE – Multicriteria preference degree
When a preference function has been associated to each criterion by the decision maker, all comparisons between all pairs of actions can be done for all the criteria. A multicriteria preference degree is then computed to globally compare every couple of actions:
PROMETHEE – Multicriteria preference degree
Where w_k represents the weight of criterion f_k. It is assumed that w_k\ge 0 and \sum_^q w_=1. As a direct consequence, we have:
PROMETHEE – Multicriteria preference flows
In order to position every action a with respect to all the other actions, two scores are computed:
PROMETHEE – Multicriteria preference flows
The Promethee I partial ranking is defined as the intersection of these two rankings
PROMETHEE – Multicriteria preference flows
Direct consequences of the previous formula are:
PROMETHEE – Multicriteria preference flows
The Promethee II complete ranking is obtained by ordering the actions according to the decreasing values of the net flow scores.
PROMETHEE – Unicriterion net flows
According to the definition of the multicriteria preference degree, the multicriteria net flow can be disaggregated as follows:
PROMETHEE – Unicriterion net flows
The unicriterion net flow, denoted \phi_(a_i)\in[-1;1], has the same interpretation as the multicriteria net flow \phi(a_i) but is limited to one single criterion. Any action a_i can be characterized by a vector \vec \phi(a_i) =[\phi_1(a_i),…,\phi_k(a_i),\phi_q(a_i)] in a q dimensional space. The GAIA plane is the principal plane obtained by applying a principal components analysis to the set of actions in this space.
PROMETHEE – Promethee I
Promethee I is a partial ranking of the actions. It is based on the positive and negative flows. It includes preferences, indifferences and incomparabilities (partial preorder).
PROMETHEE – Promethee II
Promethee II is a complete ranking of the actions. It is based on the multicriteria net flow. It includes preferences and indifferences (preorder).
Quantity discount – Prompt payment discount
Trade Discounts are deductions in price given by the wholesaler or manufacturer to the retailer at the list price or catalogue price. Cash Discounts are reductions in price given by the creditor to the debitor. These discounts are intended to speed payment and thereby provide liquidity to the firm. They are sometimes used as a promotion (marketing)|promotional device. we also explain that discount is relaxation in price.
Outcome-based education – Approaches to grading, reporting, and promoting
An important by-product of this approach is that students are assessed against external, absolute objectives, instead of reporting the students’ relative achievements
Outcome-based education – Approaches to grading, reporting, and promoting
Under OBE, teachers can use any objective grading system they choose, including letter grades
Outcome-based education – Approaches to grading, reporting, and promoting
In one alternate grading approach, a student is awarded levels instead of letter grades
Outcome-based education – Approaches to grading, reporting, and promoting
In this approach, students and their parents are better able to track progress from year to year, since the levels are based on criteria that remain constant for a student’s whole time at school
Outcome-based education – Approaches to grading, reporting, and promoting
This emphasis on recognizing positive achievements, and comparing the student to his own prior performance, has been accused by some of dumbing down education (and by others as making school much too hard), since it recognises achievement at different levels. Even those who would not achieve a passing grade in a traditional age-based approach can be recognized for their concrete, positive, individual improvements.
Outcome-based education – Approaches to grading, reporting, and promoting
OBE-oriented teachers think about the individual needs of each student and give opportunities for each student to achieve at a variety of levels
CBS – Promos
using, not the usual television voiceovers, but stars of several CBS shows to promote the upcoming shows, stars such as Ed Sullivan (The Ed Sullivan Show), Rod Serling (The Twilight Zone), and Raymond Burr and Barbara Hale (Perry Mason)
The Office (U.S. TV series) – Promotional
Characters have appeared in promotional materials for NBC, and a licensed video game—The Office (video game)|The Office—was released in 2007
Nanobots (album) – Promotion
Before the release of the full album, two tracks from the album were released digitally
Nanobots (album) – Promotion
They Might Be Giants are currently touring in support of Nanobots. The tour includes shows in North America and Australia. Through their online mailing list, the band has also indicated that they will be playing shows in the United Kingdom and Germany during the tour.
Bubble fusion – Doubts prompt investigation
Doubts among Purdue University’s Nuclear Engineering faculty as to whether the positive results reported from sonofusion experiments conducted there were truthful prompted the university to initiate a review of the research, conducted by Purdue’s Office of the Vice President for Research. In a March 9, 2006 article entitled Evidence for bubble fusion called into question, Nature interviewed several of Taleyarkhan’s colleagues who suspected something was amiss.
Bubble fusion – Doubts prompt investigation
On February 7, 2007, the Purdue University administration determined that the evidence does not support the allegations of research misconduct and that no further investigation of the allegations is warranted
Bubble fusion – Doubts prompt investigation
In June 2008, a multi-institutional team including Taleyarkhan published a paper in Nuclear Engineering and Design to clear up misconceptions generated by a webposting of UCLA which served as the basis for the Nature article of March 2006, according to a press release.
Bubble fusion – Doubts prompt investigation
On July 18, 2008, Purdue University announced that a committee with members from five institutions had investigated 12 allegations of research misconduct against Rusi Taleyarkhan
Bubble fusion – Doubts prompt investigation
Taleyarkhan’s appeal of the report’s conclusions was rejected
Bubble fusion – Doubts prompt investigation
On August 27, 2008 he was stripped of his named Arden Bement Jr. Professorship, and forbidden to be a thesis advisor for graduate students for at least the next 3 years.
Bubble fusion – Doubts prompt investigation
Despite the findings against him, Taleyarkhan received a $185,000 grant from the National Science Foundation between September 2008 and August 2009 to investigate bubble fusion. In 2009 the Office of Naval Research debarred him for 28 months, until September 2011, from receiving U.S. Federal Funding. During that period his name was listed in the ‘Excluded Parties List’ to prevent him from receiving further grants from any government agency.
Water resources – Shared water resources can promote collaboration
The institutions created by these agreements can, in fact, be one of the most important factors in ensuring cooperation rather than conflict.[http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Success_Stories/index.aspx Promoting cooperation through management of trans-boundary water resources], Success Stories, Issue 8, 2010, IWMI
Water resources – Shared water resources can promote collaboration
One chapter covers the functions of trans-boundary institutions and how they can be designed to promote cooperation, overcome initial disputes and find ways of coping with the uncertainty created by climate change
The Social Network – Promotion
The first theatrical poster was released on June 18, 2010
Neuropathology – Prominent historical and current figures in neuropathology
Santiago Ramon y Cajal is considered one of the founders of modern neuroanatomy. Alois Alzheimer, the person after whom Alzheimer’s disease is named, is considered an important early contributor to the field.
Neuropathology – Prominent historical and current figures in neuropathology
There are many neuropathologists around the world who have made important clinical and research contributions toward our understanding of diseases that specifically affect the brain (degenerative diseases, multiple sclerosis, stroke, brain tumors, trauma and neuromuscular diseases)
Food and Drug Administration (United States) – Advertising and promotion
The drug advertising regulation21 CFR 202: Prescription Drug Advertising. contains two broad requirements: (1) a company may advertise or promote a drug only for the specific indication or medical use for which it was approved by FDA. Also, an advertisement must contain a fair balance between the benefits and the risks (side effects) of a drug.
Bus – Promotion
The bus is sometimes staffed by promotions personnel, giving out free gifts
Liver dialysis – Prometheus
Prometheus was proven to be a safe supportive therapy for patients with liver failure.
Fossil-fuel phase-out – Prominent individuals supporting a coal moratorium
* Albert Gore, Jr.|Al Gore:[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2007/gore-lecture_en.html Nobel Lecture], Oslo, December 10, 2007
Fossil-fuel phase-out – Prominent individuals supporting a coal moratorium
* Banker and financier Tom Sanzillo, currently First Deputy Comptroller for the state of New York, called for a moratorium on new coal plants in the state of Iowa. Citing slow growth in electricity demand and better alternative sources of energy, Sanzillo said, It’s not only good public policy, it’s great economics.[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zG0pUjBr8KU Tom Sanzillo statement on YouTube]
Fossil-fuel phase-out – Prominent individuals supporting a coal phase-out
* Eric Schmidt, CEO of Google, called for replacing all fossil fuels with renewable sources of energy in twenty years.[http://www.mercurynews.com/olympics/ci_10419245 Google CEO ERic Schmidt offers energy plan,] San Jose Mercury News, 9/9/08
Catalyst – Inhibitors, poisons and promoters
Substances that reduce the action of catalysts are called Reaction inhibitor|catalyst inhibitors if reversible, and Catalyst poisoning|catalyst poisons if irreversible. Promoters are substances that increase the catalytic activity, even though they are not catalysts by themselves.
Catalyst – Inhibitors, poisons and promoters
Inhibitors are sometimes referred to as negative catalysts since they decrease the reaction rate
Catalyst – Inhibitors, poisons and promoters
The inhibitor may modify selectivity in addition to rate
Catalyst – Inhibitors, poisons and promoters
The inhibitor can produce this effect by e.g
Catalyst – Inhibitors, poisons and promoters
Promoters can cover up surface to prevent production of a mat of coke, or even actively remove such material (e.g. rhenium on platinum in platforming). They can aid the dispersion of the catalytic material or bind to reagents.
EUREKA Prometheus Project
The ‘Eureka (organization)|Eureka PROMETHEUS Project’ (‘PRO’gra’M’me for a ‘E’uropean ‘T’raffic of ‘H’ighest ‘E’fficiency and ‘U’nprecedented ‘S’afety, 1987-1995) was the largest RD project ever in the field of driverless cars. It received in funding from the EUREKA member states, and defined the state of the art of autonomous vehicles. Numerous universities and car manufacturers participated in this Pan-European project.
EUREKA Prometheus Project
PROMETHEUS profited from the participation of Ernst Dickmanns, the 1980s pioneer of driverless cars, and his team at Bundeswehr Universität München, collaborating with Daimler-Benz
EUREKA Prometheus Project
The next culmination point was achieved in 1995, when Dickmanns´ re-engineered autonomous Mercedes-Benz S-Class|S-Class Mercedes-Benz took a 1000 mile trip from Munich in Bavaria to Copenhagen in Denmark and back, using saccadic computer vision and transputers to react in real time
EUREKA Prometheus Project
The achievements of PROMETHEUS were the basis for most subsequent work on driverless cars.
EUREKA Prometheus Project – Participants
* Ernst Dickmanns and team of Bundeswehr University of Munich
EUREKA Prometheus Project – Participants
* PSA Peugeot Citroën|PSA
Education for Sustainable Development – Awards for education programs aimed at promoting sustainability programs such as EfS
The [http://zayedfutureenergyprize.com/en/ Zayed Future Energy Prize], was proud to announce the launch of the new Global High School Prize category in 2012
Education for Sustainable Development – Awards for education programs aimed at promoting sustainability programs such as EfS
The [http://teachamantofish.org.uk/pan-african-awards/en/ Educating Africa Award] for Entrepreneurship in Education
Education for Sustainable Development – Awards for education programs aimed at promoting sustainability programs such as EfS
Awarding educational projects in Africa that are entrepreneurial, self sustainable and creating impact.
Rockefeller University – Prominent alumni
*David Baltimore, recipient of Nobel Prize in Physiology Medicine in 1975 for the discovery of reverse transcriptase. Has served as president of both the Rockefeller University and the California Institute of Technology.
Rockefeller University – Prominent alumni
*Michael Bratman, Durfee Professor of philosophy at Stanford University.
Rockefeller University – Prominent alumni
*Barbara Ehrenreich, social commentator and author of the 2001 book Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By In America.
Rockefeller University – Prominent alumni
*Jonathan Lear, the John U. Nef Distinguished Service Professor in the Committee on Social Thought and professor of philosophy at the University of Chicago, who specializes in Aristotle and psychoanalysis.
Rockefeller University – Prominent alumni
*Harvey Lodish, professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Founding Member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
Rockefeller University – Prominent alumni
*Manuel Elkin Patarroyo, Colombian pathologist who made the world’s first attempt of synthetic vaccine for malaria. Recipient of Prince of Asturias Award in 1994.
Rockefeller University – Prominent alumni
*Robert Sapolsky, Stanford professor, MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Genius Grant recipient, and writer of numerous books on stress and natural history.
Rockefeller University – Prominent alumni
*Amos Smith, Rhodes-Thompson professor of chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania
Rockefeller University – Prominent alumni
*Richard Wolfenden, professor of chemistry, biochemistry and biophysics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Manufactured controversy – Prominent examples
Examples of controversies that have been labeled manufactured controversies:
Manufactured controversy – Prominent examples
*Development of skin cancer from exposure to ultraviolet radiation via sunlight and tanning lamps
Manufactured controversy – Prominent examples
*Armenian Genocide denial|Denial of Armenian Genocide by the government of TurkeyState of Denial
Manufactured controversy – Prominent examples
Turkey Spends Millions to Cover Up Armenian Genocide. Intelligence Report, Summer 2008, Issue Number: 130. [http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2008/summer/state-of-denial#]
Manufactured controversy – Prominent examples
*Holocaust denial|Denial of the Holocaust of the Jews during WWII
Manufactured controversy – Prominent examples
*Vaccine controversy|Vaccination controversies, particularly those alleging a causative relationship between the MMR vaccine controversy|MMR vaccine or Thiomersal controversy|thiomersal in the development of autism spectrum disorders.[http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/09-06-03/ Vaccines Autism: A Deadly Manufactroversy], Harriet Hall, Skeptic (U.S. magazine)|Skeptic Magazine, Vol. 15, number 2, June 3, 2009
Manufactured controversy – Prominent examples
*The Teach the Controversy efforts of intelligent design supporters
Manufactured controversy – Prominent examples
*The carcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium
Promession
‘Promession’ is a proposed form of burial in which Disposal of human corpses|human remains are disposed by way of freeze drying.
Promession
The concept of promession was developed as an environmentally friendly method of burial by Sweden|Swedish biologist Susanne Wiigh-Mäsak, who derived the name from the Italian language|Italian word for promise (promessa). She founded Promessa OrganicAktiebolag|AB in 1997 to exploit her idea.
Promession
#The body is frozen by immersion in liquid nitrogen to make it brittle
Promession
#The remains are then subjected to a vacuum so that the ice sublimation|sublimes and the powder becomes dry, weighing 50% to 70% less than the original body
Promession
#The dry powder is placed in a Biodegradation|biodegradable casket which is interred in the top Soil horizon|layers of soil, where aerobic bacteria decompose the remains into humus in as little as 12months
Promession – Current status
From 2004, trials have been performed on pigs, and AGA AB|AGA Gas developed a proof-of-concept. However a third party is needed to enter into an agreement with Promessa to order the equipment needed for promession of human cadavers.
Promession – Current status
Some independent attempts to reproduce Promessa’s early results have so far been unsuccessful, which the original innovators claim is dues to a lack of skills in cryogenic freezing and vibration technology.
Promession – Current status
Wiigh-Mäsak had received expressions of interest from more than 60countries, including Vietnam, the United Kingdom, South Africa, the Netherlands, Canada, and the United States. In South Korea, the technology was expressly legalized.
Promession – Public opinion
An opinion poll run by Ny Teknik in Sweden showed support for promession.[http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/miljo/article3636562.ece Metoderna som ersätter kremering – NyTeknik] In a popularity contest among about 70 innovative companies in Sweden, Promessa was judged the most popular.[http://www.framtidslyftet.se/sadd/heta-listan/ Heta listan » Framtidslyftet]
Food production – Prominent Food Companies
* PepsiCo: largest U.S.-based food and beverage company.
Food production – Prominent Food Companies
* [http://www.cswg.com CS Wholesale Grocers]: Lead supply chain company in the food industry today and largest wholesale grocery supply company in the U.S.
Food production – Prominent Food Companies
* Unilever: Anglo-Dutch company that owns many of the world’s consumer product brands in foods and beverages.
Food production – Prominent Food Companies
* Kraft Foods|Kraft: apparently the world’s second largest food company, following its acquisition of Cadbury in 2010.
Food production – Prominent Food Companies
* DuPont and Monsanto Company: leading producers of pesticide, seeds, and other farming products.
Food production – Prominent Food Companies
* Both Archer Daniels Midland and Cargill process grain into animal feed and a diverse group of products. ADM also provides agricultural storage and transportation services, while Cargill operates a finance wing.
Food production – Prominent Food Companies
* Bunge Limited: global soybean exporter and is also involved in food processing, grain trading, and fertilizer.
Food production – Prominent Food Companies
* Brasil Foods|BRF: global meat company, produces frozen foods, dairy products and others.
Food production – Prominent Food Companies
* Dole Food Company: world’s largest fruit company. Chiquita Brands International, another U.S.-based fruit company, is the leading distributor of bananas in the United States.
Food production – Prominent Food Companies
* Sunkist Growers, Incorporated is a U.S.-based grower’s cooperative.
Food production – Prominent Food Companies
* JBS S.A.: world’s largest processor and marketer of chicken, beef, and pork. Smithfield Foods is the world’s largest pork processor and producer.
Food production – Prominent Food Companies
* Sysco Corporation: mainly catering to North America, one of the world’s largest food distributors.
Food production – Prominent Food Companies
* General Mills: world’s sixth biggest food manufacturing company.
Food production – Prominent Food Companies
* Grupo Bimbo: one of the most important baking companies in brand and trademark positioning, sales and production volume around the world.
Bone grafting – Osteopromotion
Osteopromotion involves the enhancement of osteoinduction without the possession of osteoinductive properties. For example, enamel matrix derivative has been shown to enhance the osteoinductive effect of demineralized freeze dried bone allograft (DFDBA), but will not stimulate wikt:de novo|de novo bone growth alone.
Transcription (genetics) – Promoter clearance
After the first bond is synthesized, the RNA polymerase must clear the promoter. During this time there is a tendency to release the RNA transcript and produce truncated transcripts. This is called abortive initiation and is common for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
Transcription (genetics) – Promoter clearance
Mechanistically, promoter clearance occurs through a scrunching mechanism, where the energy built up by the RNA transcript scrunching provides the energy needed to move the RNAP complex and clear the promoter
Transcription (genetics) – Promoter clearance
In eukaryotes, after several rounds of 10nt abortive initiation, promoter clearance coincides with the TFIIH’s phosphorylation of serine 5 on the carboxy terminal domain of RNAP II, leading to the recruitment of capping enzyme (CE). The exact mechanism of how CE induces promoter clearance in eukaryotes is not yet known.
Funeral – Promession
Promession is a new method of disposing of the body. Patented by a List of companies of Sweden|Swedish company, a promession is also known as an ecological funeral. Its main purpose is to return the body to soil quickly while minimizing pollution and resource consumption.
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy – Promotion of Leonard F. Wheat’s non-mainstream views in several Hegel-related articles
Wheat] ([http://www.prometheusbooks.com/index.php?main_page=product_infoproducts_id=2147 2012])
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy – Promotion of Leonard F. Wheat’s non-mainstream views in several Hegel-related articles
At least three editors (including me) have been participating in the discussions above since early November
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy – Promotion of Leonard F. Wheat’s non-mainstream views in several Hegel-related articles
:I support the undoing of much or all of Atticusator’s work on articles related to Hegel (and Marx, although I believe that he attempts were less successful there). I found his edits to be contrary to NPOV and attempted to reason with him early on but was not successful. mdash; User:Goethean|goethean 01:58, 5 January 2014 (UTC)
Sylvester Stallone – Tobacco promotion
representing their client, cigarette manufacturer Brown Williamson Corp., to use or place BW products in five of his feature films.[http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hlm56b00 Re: agreements between Stallone and Associated Film Promotions] Legacy Tobacco Documents Library In exchange, Stallone was paid a total of $500,000, disbursed as $250,000 up front and $50,000 payable at the inception of production of each participating film
Avatar (2009 film) – Promotions
The first photo of the film was released on , 2009, and Empire (magazine)|Empire magazine released exclusive images from the film in its October issue. Cameron, producer Jon Landau (film producer)|Jon Landau, Zoe Saldana, Stephen Lang (actor)|Stephen Lang, and Sigourney Weaver appeared at a panel, moderated by Tom Rothman, at the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con International|San Diego Comic-Con on . Twenty-five minutes of footage was screened in Dolby 3D.
Avatar (2009 film) – Promotions
Weaver and Cameron appeared at additional panels to promote the film, speaking on the 23rd and 24th respectively. James Cameron announced at the Comic-Con Avatar Panel that will be ‘Avatar Day’. On this day the trailer for the film was released in all theatrical formats. The official game trailer and toy line of the film were also unveiled on this day.
Avatar (2009 film) – Promotions
An extended version in IMAX 3D received overwhelmingly positive reviews. The Hollywood Reporter said that audience expectations were coloured by the [same] establishment skepticism that preceded Titanic and suggested the showing reflected the desire for original storytelling.
Avatar (2009 film) – Promotions
On October 30, to celebrate the opening of the first 3-D cinema in Vietnam, Fox allowed Megastar Cinema to screen exclusive 16 minutes of Avatar to a number of press
Avatar (2009 film) – Promotions
McDonald’s had a promotion mentioned in television commercials in Europe called Avatarize yourself, which encouraged people to go to the website set up by Oddcast (company)|Oddcast, and use a photograph of themselves to change into a Na’vi.
Mitotic – Prometaphase
Note: Prometaphase is sometimes included as part of the end of prophase and early metaphase.
Mitotic – Prometaphase
During early prometaphase, the nuclear membrane disintegrates and microtubules invade the nuclear space. This is called open mitosis, and it occurs in most multicellular organisms. Fungi and some protists, such as algae or trichomonads, undergo a variation called closed mitosis where the spindle forms inside the nucleus, or its microtubules are able to penetrate an intact nuclear membrane, which stays intact.
Mitotic – Prometaphase
In late prometaphase, each chromosome forms two kinetochores at its centromere, one attached at each chromatid
Mitotic – Prometaphase
When the spindle grows to sufficient length, kinetochore microtubules begin searching for kinetochores to attach to. A number of nonkinetochore microtubules find and interact with corresponding nonkinetochore microtubules from the opposite centrosome to form the mitotic spindle.
Mitotic – Prometaphase
In the fishing pole analogy, the kinetochore would be the hook that catches a sister chromatid or fish. The centrosome acts as the reel that draws in the spindle fibers or fishing line. It is also one of the main phases of mitosis because without it cytokinesis would not be able to occur.
Patentable subject matter – Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories
Supreme Court slip opinion] that a process patent that Prometheus Laboratories had obtained for correlations between blood test results and patient health in determining an appropriate dosage of a specific medication for the patient, is not eligible for a patent because the correlation is a law of nature
Royal Academy of Engineering – Promoting engineering at the heart of society
The Academy organises a number of events and debates[http://www.raeng.org.uk/events/default.htm Academy Events] www.raeng.org.uk. retrieved 2013-10-21. in addition to the production of a quarterly magazine, Ingenia,[http://www.ingenia.org.uk/ Ingenia Online – Home Page ] www.ingenia.org.uk. Retrieved 2013-10-21 to reach a variety of difference audiences and enhance awareness of engineering and how it influences the wider world.
Royal Academy of Engineering – Promoting engineering at the heart of society
The Academy also recognises and celebrates the most talented engineers by awarding prestigious prizes, including the annual MacRobert Award, Britain’s top prize for engineering innovation.[http://www.raeng.org.uk/prizes/default.htm Prizes]. Raeng.org.uk. Retrieved on 2013-08-13.
Royal Academy of Engineering – Promoting engineering at the heart of society
The Academy’s public spaces in its building at 3 Carlton House Terrace have undergone renovation works and were re-opened in spring 2012 to provide a central platform for the UK to become the Forum for engineering engagement, debate, discussion and celebration.[ www.raeng.org.uk/facilities/default.htm Conference Facilities ]www.raeng.org.uk. Retrieved 2013-10-22.
Johnny Mnemonic (film) – Transmedia presence and promotion
Johnny Mnemonic was touted with pride by Sony as a film project of unparalleled corporate synergy. Simultaneous with Sony Pictures’s release of the film, its soundtrack was released by Sony subsidiary Columbia Records, while the corporation’s digital effects division Sony ImageWorks issued a CD-ROM videogame version for DOS, Mac and Windows 3.x.
Johnny Mnemonic (film) – Transmedia presence and promotion
The Johnny Mnemonic videogame, which was developed by Evolutionary Publishing, Inc
Johnny Mnemonic (film) – Transmedia presence and promotion
The film’s website facilitated further cross-promotion by selling Sony Signatures-issued Johnny Mnemonic merchandise such as a hack your own brain t-shirt and Pharmakom coffee cups
EEPROM
‘EEPROM’ (also written ‘E2PROM’ and pronounced e-e-prom, double-e prom, e-squared, or simply e-prom) stands for ‘E’lectrically ‘E’rasable ‘P’rogrammable ‘R’ead-‘O’nly ‘M’emory and is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices to store small amounts of data that must be saved when power is removed, e.g., calibration tables or device configuration.
EEPROM
Unlike bytes in most other kinds of non-volatile memory, individual bytes in a traditional EEPROM can be independently read, erased, and re-written.
EEPROM
When larger amounts of static data are to be stored (such as in USB flash drives) a specific type of EEPROM such as flash memory is more economical than traditional EEPROM devices. EEPROMs are realized as arrays of floating-gate transistors.
EEPROM
It is for this reason that EEPROMs were used for configuration information, rather than random access memory.
EEPROM – History
In 1978, George Perlegos at Intel developed the Intel 2816, which was built on earlier EPROM technology, but used a thin gate oxide layer so that the chip could erase its own bits without requiring a UV source. Perlegos and others later left Intel to form [http://www.antiquetech.com/companies/seeq_technology.htm Seeq Technology], which used on-device charge pumps to supply the high voltages necessary for programming EEPROMs.
EEPROM – Serial bus devices
Most common serial interface types are Serial Peripheral Interface Bus|SPI, I²C, Microwire, UNI/O, and 1-Wire. These interfaces require between one and four control signals for operation, resulting in a memory device in an eight-pin (or less) package.
EEPROM – Serial bus devices
The serial EEPROM (or ‘SEEPROM’) typically operates in three phases: Opcode|OP-Code Phase, Address Phase and Data Phase. The OP-Code is usually the first 8-bits input to the serial input pin of the EEPROM device (or with most I²C devices, is implicit); followed by 8 to 24 bits of addressing depending on the depth of the device, then data to be read or written.
EEPROM – Serial bus devices
Each EEPROM device typically has its own set of OP-Code instructions to map to different functions. Some of the common operations on Serial Peripheral Interface Bus|SPI EEPROM devices are:
EEPROM – Serial bus devices
Other operations supported by some EEPROM devices are:
EEPROM – Parallel bus devices
Parallel EEPROM devices typically have an 8-bit data bus and an address bus wide enough to cover the complete memory. Most devices have chip select and write protect pins. Some microcontrollers also have integrated parallel EEPROM.
EEPROM – Parallel bus devices
Operation of a parallel EEPROM is simple and fast when compared to serial EEPROM, but these devices are larger due to the higher pin count (28 pins or more) and have been decreasing in popularity in favor of serial EEPROM or Flash.
EEPROM – Other devices
EEPROM memory is used to enable features in other types of products that are not strictly memory products. Products such as real-time clocks, digital potentiometers, digital Silicon bandgap temperature sensor|temperature sensors, among others, may have small amounts of EEPROM to store calibration information or other data that needs to be available in the event of power loss.
EEPROM – Other devices
It was also used on video game cartridges to save game progress and configurations, before the usage of external and internal flash memories.
EEPROM – Failure modes
There are two limitations of stored information; endurance, and data retention.
EEPROM – Failure modes
The manufacturers usually specify the maximum number of rewrites being 1 million or more.www.rohm.com/products/lsi/eeprom/faq.html
EEPROM – Failure modes
During storage, the electrons injected into the floating gate may drift through the insulator, especially at increased temperature, and cause charge loss, reverting the cell into erased state. The manufacturers usually guarantee data retention of 10 years or more.System Integration – From Transistor Design to Large Scale Integrated Circuits
EEPROM – Related types
Flash memory is a later form of EEPROM. In the industry, there is a convention to reserve the term EEPROM to byte-wise erasable memories compared to block-wise erasable flash memories. EEPROM takes more die area than flash memory for the same capacity because each cell usually needs both a read, write and erase transistor, while in flash memory the erase circuits are shared by large blocks of cells (often 512×8).
EEPROM – Related types
Newer non-volatile memory technologies such as Ferroelectric RAM|FeRAM and MRAM are slowly replacing EEPROMs in some applications, but are expected to remain a small fraction of the EEPROM market for the foreseeable future.
EEPROM – Comparison with EPROM and EEPROM/Flash
The difference between EPROM and EEPROM lies in the way that the memory programs and erases. EEPROM can be programmed and erased electrically using field electron emission (more commonly known in the industry as Fowler–Nordheim tunneling).
EEPROM – Comparison with EPROM and EEPROM/Flash
EPROMs can’t be erased electrically, and are programmed via hot carrier injection onto the floating gate. Erase is via an ultraviolet light source, although in practice many EPROMs are encapsulated in plastic that is opaque to UV light, making them one-time programmable.
EEPROM – Comparison with EPROM and EEPROM/Flash
Most NOR Flash memory is a hybrid style—programming is through hot carrier injection and erase is through field electron emission|Fowler–Nordheim tunneling.
EEPROM – EEPROM manufacturers
*National Semiconductor (no longer makes standalone EEproms)
EEPROM – EEPROM manufacturers
*Samsung Electronics
Promoter bashing
The importance of a promoter can be observed by the level of transcription.
Promoter bashing
# Clone the region of DNA thought to act as a promoter
Promoter bashing
# Transform cells of interest with the various promoter:reporter constructs
Promoter bashing
# Measure reporter-gene transcription rates by assaying the reporter gene product
Gene therapy of the human retina – Promoter Sequence
Expression in various retinal cell types can be determined the promoter sequence. In order to restrict expression to a specific cell type, a tissue-specific or cell-type specific promoter can be used.
Gene therapy of the human retina – Promoter Sequence
Other ubiquitous promoters such as the CBA promoter, a fusion of the chicken-actin promoter and CMV immediate-early enhancer, allows stable GFP reporter expression in both RPE and photoreceptor cells after subretinal injections.
Hemoencephalography – Promising research
Most research in HEG has focused on disorders of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the cortical region directly behind the forehead that controls high level executive functions such as planning, judgment, emotional regulation, inhibition, organization, and cause and effect determination
Food marketing – Promotion
Promoting a food to consumers is done out of store, in store, and on package. Advertisements on television and in magazines are attempts to persuade consumers to think favorably about a product, so that they go to the store to purchase the product. In addition to advertising, promotions can also include Sunday newspaper ads that offer coupons such as cents-off and buy-one-get-one-free offers.
SmartStax – Promotion and branding
The smart portion of Smartstax is an acronym standing for Spectrum, Multiple (modes of action), Acceleron, Reduced (corn refuge acres), and Total (piece of mind).www.genuity.com/Home.aspx#/home Dow has not promoted Smartstax as heavily.
Promoter (biology)
‘ ‘Top’: The gene is essentially turned off. There is no lactose to inhibit the repressor, so the repressor binds to the operator, which obstructs the RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter and making lactase.
Promoter (biology)
‘Bottom’: The gene is turned on. Lactose is inhibiting the repressor, allowing the RNA polymerase to bind with the promoter, and express the genes, which synthesize lactase. Eventually, the lactase will digest all of the lactose, until there is none to bind to the repressor. The repressor will then bind to the operator, stopping the manufacture of lactase.
Promoter (biology)
In genetics, a ‘promoter’ is a region of DNA that initiates transcription (genetics)|transcription of a particular gene. Promoters are located near the genes they transcribe, on the same strand and Upstream and downstream (DNA)|upstream on the DNA (towards the 3′ region of the anti-sense strand, also called template strand and non-coding strand).
Promoter (biology)
Promoters can be about 100–1000 base pairs long.
Promoter (biology) – Overview
These transcription factors have specific Activator (genetics)|activator or repressor sequences of corresponding nucleotides that attach to specific promoters and regulate gene expressions.
Promoter (biology) – Overview
;In bacteria: The promoter is recognized by RNA polymerase and an associated sigma factor, which in turn are often brought to the promoter DNA by an activator protein’s binding to its own DNA binding site nearby.
Promoter (biology) – Overview
;In eukaryotes: The process is more complicated, and at least seven different factors are necessary for the binding of an RNA polymerase II to the promoter.
Promoter (biology) – Overview
Promoters represent critical elements that can work in concert with other regulatory regions (Enhancer (genetics)|enhancers, silencer (DNA)|silencers, boundary elements/Insulator (genetics)|insulators) to direct the level of transcription of a given gene.
Promoter (biology) – Identification of relative location
As promoters are typically immediately adjacent to the gene in question, positions in the promoter are designated relative to the transcription start site|transcriptional start site, where transcription of DNA begins for a particular gene (i.e., positions upstream are negative numbers counting back from -1, for example -100 is a position 100 base pairs upstream).
Promoter (biology) – Relative location in the cell nucleus
In the cell nucleus, it seems that promoters are distributed preferentially at the edge of the chromosomal territories, likely for the co-expression of genes on different chromosomes. Furthermore, in humans, promoters show certain structural features characteristic for each chromosome.
Promoter (biology) – Promoter elements
* Core promoter – the minimal portion of the promoter required to properly initiate transcription
Promoter (biology) – Promoter elements
** Includes Transcription start site|Transcription Start Site (TSS) and elements directly upstream
Promoter (biology) – Promoter elements
*** RNA polymerase II: transcribes genes encoding messenger RNA and certain small nuclear RNAs
Promoter (biology) – Promoter elements
* Proximal promoter – the proximal sequence upstream of the gene that tends to contain primary regulatory elements
Promoter (biology) – Promoter elements
** Approximately 250 base pairs upstream of the start site
Promoter (biology) – Promoter elements
* Distal promoter – the distal sequence upstream of the gene that may contain additional regulatory elements, often with a weaker influence than the proximal promoter
Promoter (biology) – Promoter elements
** Anything further upstream (but not an enhancer or other regulatory region whose influence is positional/orientation independent)
Promoter (biology) – Bacterial promoters
In bacteria, the promoter contains two short sequence elements approximately -10 and -35 nucleotides upstream from the transcription start site.
Promoter (biology) – Bacterial promoters
* The above consensus sequences, while conserved on average, are not found intact in most promoters. On average, only 3 to 4 of the 6 base pairs in each consensus sequence are found in any given promoter. Few natural promoters have been identified to date that possess intact consensus sequences at both the -10 and -35; artificial promoters with complete conservation of the -10 and -35 elements have been found to transcribe at lower frequencies than those with a few mismatches with the consensus.
Promoter (biology) – Bacterial promoters
* Some promoters contain one or more upstream promoter element (UP element) subsite (consensus sequence 5′-AAAAAARNR-3′ when centered in the -42 region; consensus sequence 5′-AWWWWWTTTTT-3′ when centered in the -52 region; W = A or T; R = A or G; N = any base).
Promoter (biology) – Bacterial promoters
It should be noted that the above promoter sequences are recognized only by RNA polymerase holoenzyme containing sigma-70. RNA polymerase holoenzymes containing other sigma factors recognize different core promoter sequences.
Promoter (biology) – Bacterial promoters
(Note that the optimal spacing between the -35 and -10 sequences is 17 bp.)
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